1 Maccabees 11:38–40

1 Maccabees 11:38 — Demetrius Dismisses His Army

The verse opens with a moment of dangerous complacency: "the land was quiet before him, and that no resistance was made to him." Demetrius II interprets the temporary absence of open rebellion as permanent security. This misreading of political calm leads to a catastrophic decision — the disbanding of the hereditary Seleucid forces in favor of a leaner corps of mercenary "foreign troops raised from the islands of the Gentiles." The phrase "islands of the Gentiles" likely refers to Crete and Cyprus, traditional sources of Hellenistic mercenary soldiers (cf. 1 Macc 10:67, where Cretan troops appear). The regular Seleucid army — men whose fathers and grandfathers had served the dynasty — felt the sting of dismissal not merely as unemployment but as a betrayal of the patron-client bond that undergirded Hellenistic kingship. The narrator's summary is blunt and damning: "all the troops of his fathers hated him." The word "fathers" (Greek: pateres) is significant; these were dynastic soldiers with generational ties to the Seleucid house. Demetrius severed that bond for the sake of fiscal prudence or political suspicion, and he reaped hatred.

1 Maccabees 11:39 — Tryphon, the Opportunist

The narrative pivots to introduce Tryphon — called Diodotus Tryphon in other ancient sources (Josephus, Antiquities XIII.5.1) — who had been a partisan of Alexander Balas, the previous king whom Demetrius had overthrown. The author of 1 Maccabees carefully establishes Tryphon's motive: he "saw that all the forces murmured against Demetrius." This is not the indignation of a man who loves justice; it is the cold calculation of a man who scents weakness. The verb "murmured" (egoggyzon) resonates with the grumbling of the Israelites in the wilderness (cf. Exod 16:2; Num 14:2) — a structural echo that subtly aligns Demetrius's disaffected troops with a people wandering without true leadership. Tryphon acts on this discontent, journeying to the Arabian chieftain Imalcue (likely a Nabataean or tribal leader of the Syrian-Arabian borderlands) who held in custody the young Antiochus, the infant or child son of Alexander Balas. That a child-king should be in the keeping of an Arabian guardian suggests that after Alexander's fall, his heir was spirited away to safety — a motif that echoes the preservation of threatened heirs throughout biblical history (cf. 2 Kgs 11:2–3, the hiding of Joash).

1 Maccabees 11:40 — The Conspiracy Crystallizes

Tryphon "urgently insisted" — pressing his case with persistent, calculated rhetoric — that Imalcue hand over the child so that "he might reign in his father's place." The stated rationale is legitimacy: restoring the son of Alexander. But the reader already understands that Tryphon's ultimate ambition is his own kingship (as 1 Macc 12:39 and 13:31–32 will confirm). He wields the child as an instrument, not a beneficiary. The concluding detail — "he stayed there many days" — is a small but telling stroke of realism. Conspiracies take time; Tryphon must negotiate, persuade, perhaps bribe. The patience of the conspirator contrasts with the recklessness of Demetrius.

Typological and Spiritual Senses

At the typological level, the passage warns that earthly kingdoms built without justice or fidelity cannot endure. The "quiet land" that tempts Demetrius to relax his obligations mirrors the temptation of any authority — civil or ecclesial — to exploit peace as license for self-serving decisions. Tryphon, meanwhile, is an archetype of the demagogue who exploits legitimate grievances for personal aggrandizement, clothing naked ambition in the language of dynastic restoration and the welfare of an innocent child.

Catholic tradition reads the historical books of the Maccabees not merely as political chronicles but as mirrors of the moral order and cautionary expositions of how pride, ingratitude, and ambition unravel legitimate authority. The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that "authority is exercised legitimately only when it seeks the common good of the group concerned and if it employs morally licit means to attain it" (CCC 1903). Demetrius's peremptory dismissal of his soldiers for personal advantage — without regard for justice or communal bonds — is a precise illustration of authority pursued for private gain rather than the common good, and the social fracture that results.

St. Augustine, in The City of God (Book IV), observes that kingdoms without justice are but great robberies (magna latrocinia). Demetrius's Seleucid realm, already predicated on the violent displacement of his predecessor, lurches further from legitimacy when the king fails in the most basic duties of a patron: fidelity to those who served him. Gratitude and loyalty are virtues ordered to justice; their absence poisons the bonds of any society.

The figure of Tryphon illuminates what Pope Leo XIII, in Diuturnum (1881), calls the danger of those who "strive to overturn" legitimate authority not from love of justice but from "desire of revolution." Tryphon uses the language of restoration — the orphaned child of a king — as a pretext. Catholic social teaching consistently warns against ideological manipulation that instrumentalizes the vulnerable (here, literally a child-king) for the advancement of the powerful. The child Antiochus, a living person with dignity, is reduced to a political token — a violation of the principle articulated in Gaudium et Spes §27 that persons must never be treated as mere means.

Finally, the Church Fathers saw in the Maccabean books a theology of divine providence working through — and sometimes despite — human failure. Origen (Homilies on Numbers 27) notes that God's purposes are not thwarted by the machinations of the wicked, even when the wicked appear to succeed.

Contemporary Catholics encounter the dynamics of this passage in every sphere of life. Leaders in the Church, in business, in government, and in families face the same temptation as Demetrius: to treat the people who depend on them as expendable once an immediate crisis has passed. The "quiet land" of a stable period is precisely when just leaders must reinforce — not dissolve — the bonds of mutual obligation. The dismissal of loyal workers, parishioners, or collaborators the moment they are no longer urgently needed breeds exactly the kind of bitter alienation the text describes.

Tryphon's example is equally instructive. When we nurse grievances — our own or others' — and allow them to ferment into schemes for self-advancement, we have moved from legitimate concern to manipulation. Catholics in positions of influence must regularly examine their motives: Am I advocating for this cause because justice demands it, or because it advances my standing? The conspiratorial patience Tryphon displays ("he stayed there many days") is a reminder that disordered ambition is rarely impulsive — it is cultivated and rationalized over time, often disguised even from ourselves. Frequent examination of conscience, honest spiritual direction, and the practice of genuine service are the antidotes this passage implicitly recommends.