1 Maccabees 15:37–41

1 Maccabees 15:37 — Tryphon's Escape by Sea Tryphon's flight to Orthosia (a coastal town in Phoenicia, north of Tripolis) by ship marks the ignominious end of his attempt to hold power in the Seleucid realm. His seaborne escape is not merely a logistical detail; it signals complete political collapse. A usurper who had manipulated and murdered his way to prominence — including the treacherous execution of Jonathan Maccabeus (1 Macc 12:46–48) — now slinks away with no army, no allies, and no territory. The author of 1 Maccabees, writing with a keen eye for narrative justice, notes this flight without embellishment, letting the disgrace speak for itself. Tryphon's trajectory — from kingmaker to fugitive — stands as a implicit moral judgment.

1 Maccabees 15:38 — Cendebaeus Appointed The appointment of Cendebaeus as "chief captain of the sea coast" (Greek: stratēgos of the maritime region) immediately follows Tryphon's rout. Antiochus VII Sidetes, having legitimately reclaimed the Seleucid throne, now turns his attention southward. His grant of combined infantry and cavalry to Cendebaeus underscores that this is not a diplomatic mission but a military subjugation. The swiftness of this appointment — even as Antiochus himself pursues Tryphon — reveals the Seleucid calculus: Judea must be kept destabilized regardless of what happens on other fronts. For the Maccabean audience, this moment crystallizes the exhausting reality of life under empire: one enemy's fall is simply the occasion for the next.

1 Maccabees 15:39 — Strategic Orders: Encamp, Build, Fight Antiochus's threefold command — encamp against Judea, rebuild Kidron, fortify its gates — is a blueprint for colonial suppression. Kidron (not the Kidron Valley near Jerusalem, but a town in the Shephelah near the coast, likely identified with modern Qatra) was to become a forward operating base. The command to "fortify the gates" implies turning a civilian settlement into a military garrison that could project force into the Jewish heartland. The phrase "fight against the people" is blunt in its imperial candor: the Jewish civilian population is the target, not merely a military force. Meanwhile, Antiochus personally pursues Tryphon — illustrating that the king could wage two campaigns simultaneously, treating Judea as a problem manageable by a subordinate.

1 Maccabees 15:40 — Provocations at Jamnia Cendebaeus moves first to Jamnia (Jabneh), a coastal city with a significant Jewish population. His campaign is characterized by deliberate provocation (parenochleō), invasion, and the twin atrocities of captivity and killing. The Greek vocabulary here is that of organized harassment — a strategy designed to terrorize without committing to a full-scale siege of Jerusalem. This mirrors the tactics of earlier Seleucid campaigns: erode the will of the people by making normal life impossible, attacking farmers, travelers, and market towns. The people of Judea, under Simon Maccabeus's leadership, are now confronted with precisely the threat Simon had pledged to defend against (cf. 1 Macc 14:29–32).

1 Maccabees 15:41 — Kidron as a Base of Raids The rebuilt and garrisoned Kidron now functions as the structural instrument of ongoing oppression. Cavalry and infantry stationed there are explicitly ordered to "make raids on the highways of Judea" — disrupting the arteries of commerce, pilgrimage, and communication that sustained Jewish social and religious life. The highways (hodoi) of Judea were not merely roads; they were the routes of Torah-observant life, connecting families to the Temple, to markets, and to each other. To terrorize the highways was to attack the fabric of covenantal community. The phrase "as the king had commanded him" closes the passage with a note of bureaucratic menace: this suffering is not random but systematic, ordered from above.

Typological and Spiritual Senses At a deeper level, the pattern here — one oppressor falls, another rises; one stronghold is taken, another is built — prefigures the spiritual experience of the soul under persistent temptation. The Fathers frequently read the battles of Maccabees as figures of interior warfare (cf. Origen, Homilies on Numbers 27). The "highways of Judea" raided by Cendebaeus find a spiritual echo in the paths of the righteous obstructed by the devil's agents (cf. 1 Pet 5:8). Simon's response, narrated in the following verses, models the vigilant, courageous leader of souls who does not surrender the roads of grace.

Catholic tradition reads the Books of Maccabees not merely as political history but as sacred Scripture that illuminates the nature of persecution, fidelity, and providential governance. The Catechism of the Catholic Church (§2473) invokes the Maccabees explicitly as models of martyrdom and faithful witness — and the structural conditions of oppression described in these verses form the backdrop against which that heroism becomes intelligible.

The appointment of Cendebaeus raises the perennial theological question of theodicy: why does God permit the fall of one enemy only to allow another to arise? St. Augustine, in The City of God (Book I), addresses this directly in the context of earthly suffering: the earthly city is constitutionally incapable of offering lasting peace, and every apparent victory within it is provisional. True peace belongs only to the City of God. The raids on Judea's highways, from this Augustinian vantage point, are a figure of the restlessness of the civitas terrena — always threatening, never finally defeated in history.

St. John Chrysostom (Homilies on 2 Corinthians) draws on the Maccabean literature to argue that persecution, when met with fidelity, purifies and strengthens the Church. The fortification of Kidron as an instrument of harassment maps onto his teaching that the devil constructs his "strongholds" (ochyrōmata, cf. 2 Cor 10:4) not in single dramatic assaults but in patient, incremental encroachments on holy living.

The Church's social teaching, particularly Gaudium et Spes §79, affirms the right and duty of peoples to defend themselves against unjust aggression — a principle the Maccabean resistance embodies. Cendebaeus's campaign against civilians (captivity, killing, highway raids) meets every criterion of unjust war condemned by the tradition.

Contemporary Catholics encounter their own version of Cendebaeus's strategy: not a single dramatic assault on faith, but the incremental occupation of the "highways" of Christian life — the rhythms of family prayer, sacramental practice, religious education, and community that sustain covenantal identity. Just as Cendebaeus targeted the roads to make normal Jewish life impossible, today's pressures on Catholic life often work by making faithful practice inconvenient, socially costly, or structurally difficult rather than explicitly illegal.

This passage invites a concrete examination of conscience: Which "highways" of my spiritual life have I allowed to become unsafe through neglect or cultural pressure? Which strongholds have been quietly fortified against my practice of the faith — in my workplace, my entertainment habits, my family culture?

Simon Maccabeus's response (1 Macc 16) was not passive lamentation but active, organized defense. Catholics today are called to the same: not merely to mourn erosions of faith but to rebuild — through deliberate sacramental discipline, catechetical investment in the next generation, and the kind of communal solidarity that makes the highways of grace passable again.