Catholic Commentary
Samuel Grows in Favor with God and Man
26The child Samuel grew on, and increased in favor both with Yahweh and also with men.
1 Samuel 2:26 states that the child Samuel grew and increased in favor with both God and people, establishing a spiritual trajectory of genuine righteousness through continuous development. This verse contrasts sharply with the corrupt downward path of Eli's sons, using a double-witness construction that carries judicial weight in Hebrew thought, affirming Samuel's integrity simultaneously in divine and human spheres.
Samuel's quiet, steady growth in a corrupt sanctuary becomes the silent answer to institutional collapse—showing that God shapes his prophets in hidden faithfulness, not dramatic rupture.
The Spiritual Sense
Samuel's quiet, cumulative growth in the midst of institutional corruption at Shiloh models the anagogical possibility of sanctification even in a broken environment. His very presence in the Temple — dedicated before birth by Hannah's vow, clothed in the priestly ephod (v. 18), growing steadily — is itself an act of hope and protest against the degradation surrounding him. The Church Fathers saw in figures like Samuel an image of the soul that perseveres in holiness not by dramatic rupture but by patient, hidden fidelity.
Catholic Tradition's Unique Illumination
The Catholic interpretive tradition reads 1 Samuel 2:26 through several interlocking lenses that deepen its meaning considerably.
Samuel as Type of Christ. St. Augustine in De Civitate Dei (XVII.4) treats the whole of Hannah's prayer and Samuel's vocation as prophetically oriented toward Christ and the Church. The growth formula in v. 26 is, for Augustine, a foreshadowing of the Incarnate Word's own development — the eternal Son entering fully into the human experience of growth, as the New Testament will make explicit in Luke 2:52. The Catechism of the Catholic Church (§522) teaches that "The coming of God's Son to earth is an event of such immensity that God willed to prepare for it over centuries" — Samuel's formation is one such preparatory moment written into the sacred history.
The Integration of Holiness. The double favor — with God and with men — resonates with the great double commandment (Matthew 22:37–40) and speaks to the Catholic insistence that authentic holiness is never purely individualistic. The Catechism (§1878) affirms that "the human person needs to live in society" and that genuine virtue bears social fruit. Samuel's holiness does not withdraw from the community; it is recognized by it.
Gradual Sanctification and the Interior Life. St. John of the Cross and the Carmelite tradition emphasize that the soul's ascent is characteristically gradual and hidden — poca a poco, little by little. Samuel's quiet, verse-by-verse growth across Chapter 2 models this truth: God forms his servants in hiddenness, often unknown to the world, before revealing them for their mission. The Second Vatican Council, in Lumen Gentium (§40), affirms that all the faithful are called to holiness, a holiness that unfolds in the ordinary circumstances of life — precisely Samuel's situation.
For a contemporary Catholic, 1 Samuel 2:26 offers a bracing corrective to the cult of the dramatic. We live in a culture that prizes sudden transformation, viral moments, and immediate impact — yet here, God's preparation of his prophet is recorded in a single, quiet verse that could easily be skimmed. The spiritual lesson is countercultural: growth in holiness is mostly invisible, mostly incremental, and takes place in ordinary settings — even corrupt ones.
Practically, this verse invites an examination of whether we are cultivating the double favor Samuel exemplifies: a genuine interior life with God (prayer, sacraments, Scripture) and a visible integrity before others (honest dealings, mercy, fidelity to commitments). These two are not rivals; they are mutually reinforcing. A person who prays deeply will eventually become trustworthy to those around them.
This verse also speaks directly to young Catholics, students, and those in early-career formation: your years of unrecognized faithfulness are not wasted — they are the hidden chapters of a vocation being shaped by God. Samuel did not yet know his name would be called in the night (ch. 3). He simply kept growing.
Commentary
Literal Meaning and Narrative Context
First Samuel 2:26 arrives at a precise dramatic hinge in the narrative. The chapter has been dominated by two contrasting figures: the corrupt sons of Eli — Hophni and Phinehas — whose abuses of the sacrificial system and sexual immorality at Shiloh are catalogued in devastating detail (vv. 12–17, 22–25), and the child Samuel, whose growth is noted twice in the chapter (v. 21 and again here in v. 26) as if the narrator wants the reader to hold both trajectories simultaneously before their eyes.
The Hebrew verb wayyigdal ("grew on" or "kept growing") is an imperfect consecutive, conveying continuous, incremental progress — not a single dramatic moment but a sustained pattern of maturing. The phrase im-Yahweh we'im-anashim ("with Yahweh and also with men") is a double-witness construction: Samuel's integrity is not merely interior or merely social, but registers simultaneously in the divine and human spheres. In the Hebrew worldview, these two validations together constitute a verdict of genuine righteousness; one without the other would be incomplete.
The word ṭôb ("favor" or "good") carries a rich resonance in the Hebrew Bible. It is the word used in Genesis 1 when God surveys creation and sees that it is good. Here it is applied to a growing human person — Samuel is becoming, in his very person, something that God and the community recognize as genuinely good.
Narrative Contrast
The verse is inseparable from its literary context. Immediately before (v. 25), the narrator records that Eli's sons "did not listen to the voice of their father, because Yahweh intended to put them to death." The sons of Eli are moving inexorably downward; Samuel is moving inexorably upward. The juxtaposition is not accidental — the sacred author is making a theological argument: fidelity and vice each have their own trajectory and their own consequences.
Typological Sense
The verse bears an unmistakable typological relationship to Luke 2:52, where the same double formula is applied to the child Jesus: "And Jesus increased in wisdom and in stature and in favor with God and man." The verbal and structural parallel between these two verses — the only two places in all of Scripture where this double formula appears — identifies Samuel as a type of Christ. As Samuel was being prepared in Shiloh to become the prophetic voice who would anoint Israel's kings, so Christ was being prepared in Nazareth to inaugurate the definitive Kingdom. Samuel's growth is authentic and holy; Christ's is that same pattern raised to infinite perfection. The antitype does not abolish the type but fulfills and transcends it.