Catholic Commentary
Authentic Apostolic Ministry: Sincerity Before God
17For we are not as so many, peddling the word of God. But as of sincerity, but as of God, in the sight of God, we speak in Christ.
In 2 Corinthians 2:17, Paul contrasts authentic apostolic ministry with false teachers who commercialize God's word for personal gain, using the Greek term "peddling" to invoke the image of dishonest merchants. Paul asserts that genuine Christian proclamation flows from sincerity and God's source, delivered before God's sight and unified with Christ, rather than from self-interested motives.
Authentic ministry cannot be a transaction: the word of God belongs to God alone, and those who traffic in it for gain—or applause, or influence—are merchants of the sacred.
Katenanti — "in the face of" or "before the presence of" — establishes the context of Paul's preaching as one of divine witness and accountability. This is not public performance for a human audience; it is speech uttered before the One who sees the heart (Ps 139:1–4). The Fathers consistently read this phrase as an antidote to the "human respect" that corrupts preaching — St. John Chrysostom, in his Homilies on 2 Corinthians, insists that fear of God's gaze must replace fear of the crowd's reaction.
"We speak in Christ" (ἐν Χριστῷ λαλοῦμεν)
The concluding phrase is the capstone of the verse's four-part structure. Speech that is sincere, sourced in God, and made before God is speech made in Christ — that is, within the mystical union with the incarnate Word. This is not merely a pious formula. To speak "in Christ" is to allow one's proclamation to be shaped, judged, and authenticated by one's incorporation into the Body of Christ. The word preached is not Paul's word; it is Christ's word passing through Paul. This phrase foreshadows the "new covenant ministry" developed in chapter 3 and the "ambassador for Christ" language of 5:20.
Typological and Spiritual Senses
Typologically, Paul's contrast recalls the denunciation of corrupt priests and false prophets throughout the Old Testament — those who "prophesy from their own heart" (Ezek 13:2) or "heal the wound of my people lightly, saying 'Peace, peace,' when there is no peace" (Jer 6:14). Just as Israel's authentic prophets received their word directly from God (the prophetic dabar YHWH), so the authentic apostle receives his proclamation ek theou. Paul presents the Christian minister as the New Covenant fulfillment of the truthful prophet. The spiritual sense invites every baptized person to examine whether their witness to the faith — in family, workplace, and civic life — is given ek theou or from a desire to please, profit, or perform.
Catholic tradition illuminates this verse with exceptional precision at several levels.
On Sacred Preaching: The Second Vatican Council's Dei Verbum §21 insists that Sacred Scripture must be "the very soul of sacred theology" and that preaching must draw its life from the word of God, not impose human agendas upon it. This is precisely Paul's distinction: the kapēlos imposes his agenda on the word; the sincere minister lets the word speak on its own terms. Presbyterorum Ordinis §4 directly echoes 2 Cor 2:17 by teaching that priests "as ministers of God's word… do not teach their own wisdom but God's word." Pope Francis, in Evangelii Gaudium §§150–151, warns preachers against homilies that are "self-referential" and calls for preaching that is genuinely "a heart-to-heart communication" centered on Christ.
On Simony and Sacrilege: The Catechism of the Catholic Church §2121 defines simony — the buying or selling of spiritual goods — as a perversion that "makes the minister a merchant." This is precisely what Paul's kapēleuein denotes. The Church's fierce condemnation of simony throughout history (Councils of Chalcedon, Lateran, Trent) is grounded theologically in this verse: the word of God cannot be a commodity because it belongs to God alone.
On Priestly Character and Authenticity: St. John Chrysostom's treatise On the Priesthood repeatedly cites the spirit of this verse: the priest who fears human judgment more than divine judgment has already corrupted his ministry at the root. St. Gregory the Great's Pastoral Rule (I.1) warns that those who seek pastoral office for worldly advantage are "merchants in the sanctuary." These patristic reflections form the basis for the Church's ongoing teaching on the interior dispositions required of ordained ministers.
On the Lay Apostolate: The Catechism (§904) teaches that the laity participate in the prophetic office of Christ and are called to give testimony to the faith "in the midst of the world." The same standard of sincerity ek theou applies: lay witness that is calculated, self-promotional, or shaped by what the surrounding culture finds acceptable rather than by what God reveals is, in Paul's terms, a form of peddling.
The digital age has created an unprecedented marketplace for religious speech. Catholic influencers, podcasters, Catholic media personalities, and social-media commentators now reach millions with content that touches on faith. Paul's indictment of the kapēlos lands with uncomfortable precision here: when Catholic content is produced to maximize engagement, build a personal brand, or monetize an audience, the word of God has become merchandise — however orthodox the words may sound. But this verse's challenge does not stop with public figures. Every Catholic is called to witness: in family conversations, in workplaces, in friendships under pressure. The practical test Paul offers is threefold: Am I speaking with sincerity — or shaping my witness to avoid conflict? Am I speaking as from God — drawing on prayer, Scripture, and the Church's teaching rather than my own opinions? Am I speaking before God — accountable ultimately to Him, not to social approval? These questions expose the quiet compromises that dilute ordinary Catholic witness. The discipline of silent prayer before speaking about the faith — a practice commended by many spiritual directors — is a concrete application of speaking "in Christ."
Commentary
2 Corinthians 2:17 — Literal and Narrative Analysis
The verse opens with a sharp contrast — "For we are not as so many" — which anchors it to the triumphal procession imagery of 2:14–16 and the searching question of 2:16: "who is sufficient for these things?" Paul's answer begins negatively: sufficiency does not come from those who kapēleuontes (πολλοί, "the many") the word of God.
"Peddling the word of God" (καπηλεύοντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ)
The Greek verb kapēleuein is extraordinarily pointed. A kapēlos was a small-scale retailer or tavern-keeper — a figure associated in ancient moral literature (Plato, Theaetetus 219e; Dio Chrysostom) with adulteration, short measure, and deceptive profit. The kapēlos diluted wine, inflated prices, and sold inferior goods. For Paul to deploy this image is not merely rhetorical; it is a theological accusation. To peddle the word of God is to treat divine revelation as raw material for personal gain — financial, social, or rhetorical. This stands in stark contrast to Paul's consistent refusal of payment from the Corinthians (1 Cor 9:12–18), which was itself a sign of the gospel's freedom. The "many" (hoi polloi) likely refers to the "super-apostles" or rival teachers at Corinth who demanded payment, letters of commendation, and rhetorical prestige (cf. 2 Cor 11:13–15; 3:1).
"But as of sincerity" (ἀλλ᾿ ὡς ἐξ εἰλικρινείας)
Eilikrineia — sincerity or purity — recurs in 1:12 where Paul grounds his apostolic conduct in "godly sincerity." The word carries the sense of something tested by sunlight and found unmixed, without alloy or hidden fault. Origen, in his commentary on this passage, notes that the sincere minister is one whose inner motivation and outward proclamation are identical — there is no gap between what is shown and what is true. This is the antithesis of the kapēlos who displays one product and sells another.
"But as of God" (ἀλλ᾿ ὡς ἐκ θεοῦ)
The preposition ek (from/out of) is crucial. Paul's speech derives its origin from God — it is not merely speech about God, but speech that flows from God as its source. This directly anticipates Paul's argument in 3:5–6: "our sufficiency is from God, who made us sufficient as ministers of a new covenant." The authentic preacher does not generate the word from within himself; he receives it, transmits it, and remains a transparent conduit rather than an originating agent.