Catholic Commentary
The Fate of David's Concubines
3David came to his house at Jerusalem; and the king took the ten women his concubines, whom he had left to keep the house, and put them in custody and provided them with sustenance, but didn’t go in to them. So they were shut up to the day of their death, living in widowhood.
2 Samuel 20:3 describes David's return to Jerusalem after Absalom's rebellion, where he secluded his ten concubines who had been violated by his son, providing for them materially but refusing to resume relations with them. This arrangement reflects ancient Near Eastern custom, as David could not resume marital relations with women who had been sexually accessed by another man without transgressing sacred boundaries, leaving the women in a legally ambiguous state called "living widowhood."
David's forgiven sin reshapes lives forever—he feeds his concubines for life but never touches them again, teaching that repentance doesn't erase consequences.
At the allegorical level, the ten women can also be read as figures of souls who have been violated — spiritually compromised by the powers of this world — yet whom the true King does not cast off. They are "kept," provided for, held in a place of waiting. The number ten carries covenantal resonance throughout Scripture (the Ten Commandments, the ten virgins of Matt 25), suggesting the completeness of a community in suspense.
The "house of custody" (bêt mishmeret) prefigures, in a shadow way, the condition of righteous souls awaiting redemption — held, sustained, neither abandoned nor yet fully restored. Their "living widowhood" anticipates the eschatological tension of the Church: already redeemed, not yet glorified; cared for by the King, awaiting the fullness of union.
Catholic tradition illuminates this passage on at least three levels.
On the permanence of moral consequences: The Catechism teaches that while the eternal punishment of sin is removed by sacramental absolution, "temporal punishment" — the real-world disorder sin introduces — often remains and must be healed through penance and God's merciful purification (CCC 1472–1473). David had repented profoundly (Psalm 51), and Nathan declared his sin forgiven (2 Sam 12:13). Yet the consequences rolled forward across his household like a slow tide. These ten women bear, for the rest of their lives, the imprint of the Bathsheba affair's aftermath. Catholic moral theology thus insists that forgiveness is not the erasure of consequences but the restoration of right relationship with God — the social, psychological, and physical damage sin causes requires its own long healing.
On justice toward the innocent: The Church Fathers noted David's careful provision for these women as a model of restorative obligation. St. Ambrose of Milan (De Officiis 1.30) stresses that those who suffer because of another's sin retain a claim on the justice and charity of the one whose actions caused the harm. David exercises precisely this: he does not restore what was taken from them, but he does not abandon them either. He becomes their permanent provider — a figure of what justice demands even when full restitution is impossible.
On the theology of suffering: Pope St. John Paul II's Salvifici Doloris (1984) reflects that innocent suffering, united to Christ, becomes redemptive. These women — unnamed, uncelebrated — live their "living widowhood" as a kind of hidden martyrdom within the royal household. The Catholic tradition honors precisely such hidden suffering, united to the Cross, as spiritually fruitful even when humanly inexplicable.
This verse speaks with quiet force to anyone living in the aftermath of someone else's sin — the adult child of an abusive parent, the spouse betrayed by infidelity, the community fractured by a leader's scandal. Catholic spirituality does not promise that repentance by the wrongdoer will restore everything to the way it was. These concubines teach us that "provided for but not restored" can itself be a real, if painful, form of justice.
For those in such situations, the Church's tradition of uniting one's suffering to Christ's Passion (Col 1:24) offers not a theodicy that explains the pain away, but a framework that gives it weight and dignity. Their "living widowhood" was not meaningless; it was held, witnessed, and recorded in Sacred Scripture — God's own testimony that their diminished lives were seen. Contemporary Catholics navigating irreversible losses — medical, relational, vocational — can find in these unnamed women a patron-like solidarity: people sustained by the King's provision, living in hope of a restoration that history could not give but eternity will.
Commentary
Literal and Narrative Meaning
The verse operates as a quiet coda to the thunderous violence of Absalom's rebellion, yet its restraint is itself theologically loaded. David "came to his house at Jerusalem" — the same house he had fled in humiliation (2 Sam 15:14–16), and from whose rooftop his own sin with Bathsheba had been set in motion (2 Sam 11:2). The homecoming is not triumphant; the narrative refuses to let David simply resume his former life.
The ten concubines are the same women mentioned in 2 Sam 15:16, left behind specifically to "keep the house" — a delegation of domestic authority that, when Absalom entered the royal residence, became the stage for the prophet Nathan's terrible word come true: "I will take your wives before your eyes and give them to your neighbor... for you did it secretly, but I will do this thing before all Israel" (2 Sam 12:11–12). Absalom's public rape of these women on the palace roof fulfilled that prophetic judgment to the letter.
Now David takes them back into his household, but the relationship cannot be restored. The phrase wayyittenêm bêt mishmeret — "put them in a house of custody/watch" — does not imply punishment of the women. It is rather a legally and socially necessary arrangement: because they had been sexually accessed by another man (even through no fault of their own), David could not resume marital relations with them under the conventions of the ancient Near East without transgressing the same boundary that made Reuben's violation of Bilhah so infamous (Gen 35:22; 49:4) and Absalom's act so politically charged. This is not cruelty on David's part, but a tragic recognition of an irreversible alteration.
David's provision for them — "he provided them with sustenance" — signals that he does not abandon or blame them. He fulfills the obligations of a husband and protector even while the marital bond is effectively suspended. The RSV renders the final phrase 'almanut chayyut, literally "widowhood of life" or "living widowhood" — a striking oxymoron. They are not widows (David lives) and not wives (David does not come to them). They occupy a legally nameless state, a category the ancient world had no proper word for.
Typological and Spiritual Senses
The Fathers and medieval commentators recognized in figures like these concubines a type of the soul caught in the consequences of another's sin — bound by circumstances not of their own making, unable to return fully to what was, and yet sustained by the king's provision. St. Gregory the Great, in his Moralia in Job, meditates frequently on how the innocent suffer within the wake of the guilty, and how divine providence sustains them even in states that appear abandoned.