Catholic Commentary
Moses Executes the Commands: The People Are Sanctified
14Moses went down from the mountain to the people, and sanctified the people; and they washed their clothes.15He said to the people, “Be ready by the third day. Don’t have sexual relations with a woman.”
Exodus 19:14–15 describes Moses sanctifying the Israelites through ritual washing and commanding them to abstain from sexual relations as preparation for encountering God. These acts represent a three-day period of consecration during which the people align their entire beings—body, garments, and will—with the gravity of receiving divine revelation.
God doesn't meet us halfway — He commands Israel to prepare their entire bodies, not just their minds, for encounter with His holiness.
Typologically, these verses map onto Israel's covenant life and anticipate the New Covenant. The three days of preparation evoke, across the canonical whole, the pattern of death-to-new-life: Joseph's brothers are held three days (Gen 42:17), Jonah is in the deep three days (Jon 1:17), and supremely, Christ rises on the third day (1 Cor 15:4). The washing of garments anticipates Baptism; the abstinence from ordinary pleasures resonates with eucharistic and liturgical fasting.
Catholic tradition reads these verses as a luminous figure of sacramental preparation and the theology of the body. The Church Fathers were attentive to both the literal and spiritual senses here. Origen, in his Homilies on Exodus, interprets the washing of garments as the purification of the soul's outer works — the deeds and habits that clothe the interior person — and sees in Moses the type of the priest who mediates sanctification to the people. For Origen, one cannot approach the Word of God with a soiled conscience; the external rite expresses an inward necessity.
The temporary sexual abstinence drew significant patristic comment. Far from denigrating marriage, the Fathers — including St. John Chrysostom (Homilies on 1 Corinthians) — read this alongside 1 Cor 7:5 as evidence that moments of intensive prayer and sacred encounter call for a freely chosen, temporary renunciation. This is entirely consistent with the Catechism's teaching that "sexuality… becomes personal and truly human when it is integrated into the relationship of one to another" (CCC 2337) and that its goods are ordered to a larger love.
St. Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologiae I-II, q. 102, a. 5) treats the Mosaic ceremonial precepts, including purifications, as foreshadowing the sacraments of the New Law. The washing commanded here is a figura of Baptism, by which Christians are truly cleansed and made capable of standing before God (cf. CCC 1217). The Catechism explicitly recalls the Exodus pattern in its treatment of Baptism: "The Church has seen in Noah's ark, the crossing of the Red Sea… prefigurations of Baptism" (CCC 1220–1222).
Pope St. John Paul II's Theology of the Body illuminates the abstinence command not as a devaluation of the conjugal act but as a sign that the human body itself is caught up in the logic of covenant worship — that the nuptial meaning of the body finds its deepest orientation in the total gift of self to God.
Contemporary Catholics live in a culture of perpetual immediacy, in which the idea of structured, embodied preparation before encountering the sacred feels almost foreign. These two verses offer a bracing corrective. Before the most important meeting in Israel's history, God did not simply "show up" — and neither did the people. They washed. They waited. They reoriented their bodies.
The practical invitation is this: take preparation for sacred encounter seriously in its bodily dimension. The Church's disciplines of Eucharistic fasting (CCC 1387), the examination of conscience before Confession, the wearing of modest dress for Mass, the practice of abstinence on Fridays — these are not legalistic relics but extensions of this Sinai logic. Our bodies are not incidental to worship; they are instruments of it.
For married Catholics especially, verse 15 invites reflection on St. Paul's counsel in 1 Cor 7:5 — that spouses may by mutual agreement temporarily abstain "for a time, to devote yourselves to prayer." Holiness is not abstract; it is practiced in the body, in the household, in the concrete rhythms of daily life ordered toward God.
Commentary
Exodus 19:14 — "Moses went down from the mountain to the people, and sanctified the people; and they washed their clothes."
The movement of Moses in this verse is deliberate and loaded with meaning. He has received God's words on the summit (vv. 3–13) and now descends as mediator to enact them among the people. His role here is not merely to relay a message but to perform a sanctifying act — the Hebrew wayyĕqaddēš ("and he sanctified") implies a causative, effective action, not a mere announcement. Moses does something to and for Israel; he renders them qadosh, set apart, consecrated.
The washing of garments is no mere hygiene measure. In the ancient Near East, ritual washing was a recognized preparation for sacred encounter. Garments in the Hebrew Bible frequently carry symbolic weight — they signify status, identity, and moral condition (cf. Gen 3:21; Zech 3:3–5). To wash one's clothes before meeting YHWH is to externalize an interior readiness. The body and its coverings are brought into alignment with the solemnity of what is about to occur. Notably, Moses does not merely instruct them to wash; the narrator reports that they did it — compliance is underscored, marking the seriousness of Israel's disposition.
The three-day timeframe (already announced in v. 11 and reiterated in v. 15) structures the entire preparation. The people do not rush into divine encounter; they dwell in a state of consecrated waiting. This interval is itself an act of reverent humility — an acknowledgment that God's self-disclosure cannot be approached carelessly.
Exodus 19:15 — "Be ready by the third day. Don't have sexual relations with a woman."
Moses now speaks directly to the assembly in the imperative: hĕyû nĕkōnîm — "be ready," "stand firm," "be established." The root kûn suggests a state of solid, deliberate preparedness, not merely passive waiting. The exhortation carries urgency.
The injunction regarding sexual abstinence must be read carefully and charitably. This is not a condemnation of human sexuality, which Scripture everywhere affirms as a good gift of the Creator (Gen 1:28, 2:24). Rather, it reflects a principle well attested in the Old Testament: that the most intense moments of sacred encounter — receiving divine revelation, approaching the sanctuary, holy warfare — called for a temporary abstinence as a focused act of consecration (cf. 1 Sam 21:4–5; Joel 2:16). The Levitical laws likewise associate ritual impurity with bodily emissions (Lev 15) — not because the body is evil, but because proximity to the Holy God calls for a total, undivided orientation of the whole self, including the bodily and erotic dimension of human existence. The phrasing "Do not go near a woman" (the more literal rendering) echoes the language of approaching the altar — holiness language applied to the whole person.