Catholic Commentary
The Divided Response: Fear of God Among the Egyptians
20Those who feared Yahweh’s word among the servants of Pharaoh made their servants and their livestock flee into the houses.21Whoever didn’t respect Yahweh’s word left his servants and his livestock in the field.
Exodus 9:20–21 contrasts two responses among Pharaoh's servants to Moses's warning of hail: those who feared Yahweh's word brought their servants and livestock into houses for safety, while those who disregarded the word left theirs exposed to destruction. The passage illustrates that reverent fear of God produces protective obedience, while indifference to divine warning results in material loss.
God's word divides every household — some move into shelter at the warning, others leave their lives exposed in the field.
Exodus 9:20 — The Response of Fear and Obedience
The Hebrew verb underlying "feared" (yārēʾ) is the same root used throughout the Old Testament for the foundational religious disposition of "fear of the LORD" (yirʾat YHWH), the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10). This is not mere fright — it is reverential acknowledgment of God's sovereign authority. Critically, the text says these servants feared "Yahweh's word" (Hebrew: dāḇār YHWH), the prophetic warning Moses had delivered in 9:18–19. Fear of God, in the biblical sense, is always responsive to revelation; it is activated when the divine word is proclaimed. The phrase "made their servants and their livestock flee into the houses" demonstrates that this inner disposition immediately issued in action. The fear of God is not passive sentiment but a motivating force that reorganizes behavior. Note that this response occurs among "the servants of Pharaoh" — people embedded in the very system of Egyptian oppression, people who had witnessed Pharaoh's hardened defiance and had every social reason to mirror it. Yet some did not. This is a startling detail: the first stirrings of authentic religious response to Yahweh appear not only in Israel but within Egypt itself.
Exodus 9:21 — The Response of Contempt and Its Consequence
The contrast is structurally deliberate. Where verse 20 described those who "feared Yahweh's word," verse 21 describes those who "did not set their heart" (lōʾ-śām libbô) to Yahweh's word — a Hebrew idiom meaning to give attention, to take seriously, to interiorize. The RSV and NABRE translate this variously as "did not regard" or "did not respect," but the Hebrew is more visceral: they refused to give their heart to God's word. This is the anatomy of hardness of heart in miniature — not violent rejection but a failure of attention, a dismissal rather than a denial. The consequence is immediate and material: their servants and livestock, left in the field, perish under the hail (v. 25). The text implies no special malice in these Egyptians beyond the common human tendency to disregard uncomfortable warnings. Yet indifference to God's word proves as lethal as open defiance.
The Typological and Spiritual Senses
The literal sense establishes a dramatic moral binary at the heart of a cosmic confrontation. But the allegorical and tropological senses deepen this considerably. The two groups of Egyptians become types of two fundamental responses to the Gospel — those who "hear the word and accept it" (Mark 4:20) and those who hear and let it slip away. Origen (Homilies on Exodus, Hom. IV) saw in the plagues a sustained allegory of the soul's purification and the war between grace and sin. The hail specifically, being both fire and ice — a marvel noted in v. 24 — becomes a figure of the divine word itself, which is both illuminating and shattering (cf. Jeremiah 23:29). The "houses" into which the faithful Egyptians fled may be read typologically as the Church, the household of God (1 Timothy 3:15), where the baptized take shelter from the destruction that attends refusal of grace.
Catholic tradition sees these two verses as a luminous disclosure of the universal reach of divine grace and the mystery of human freedom. The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that "God predestines no one to go to hell" and that the grace of conversion is offered to all (CCC 1037). Here, within the very court of Pharaoh, grace is already at work, stirring Egyptians toward obedience — a proleptic sign that salvation is not the exclusive possession of ethnic Israel but is ordered toward all peoples (cf. CCC 56–58, on the universal scope of God's covenant dealings).
Saint Augustine's treatment of the divided human will in De Gratia et Libero Arbitrio is directly relevant: both groups of Egyptians had access to the same prophetic word, yet responded differently. Augustine would identify the difference not in intellectual capacity but in the disposition of the will, itself a gift of prevenient grace. Those who feared did so because grace had not been resisted; those who disregarded had not yet been moved — or had resisted the movement. The Council of Trent (Session VI, Decree on Justification, ch. 5) affirms that initial movement toward God through fear is itself a work of grace: "disposing and preparing" the soul.
Chrysostom (Homilies on Matthew, Hom. XXIII) notes that the Egyptians here parallel the response to Christ's preaching: some in Israel believed, some in the pagan world believed, and the line did not fall neatly along ethnic or national boundaries. This foreshadows the catholicity — the universality — of the Church, which gathers believers from "every nation, tribe, people, and language" (Revelation 7:9). Ultimately, these verses remind the Catholic reader that the proclaimed word of God is never neutral: it always divides, always calls forth a response, and that response is a matter of eternal weight.
Every Catholic today inhabits the same structural position as Pharaoh's divided household: we live within systems — cultural, professional, familial — that normalize indifference to God's word. The homily is preached, the Scripture is read, the Church's moral teaching is proclaimed; and then comes the moment that Exodus 9:20–21 makes vivid: do we give our heart to what we have heard, or do we leave our "livestock in the field"?
Practically, these verses invite a concrete examination of conscience: Where has God's word — through Scripture, through the Church's teaching, through the voice of conscience — issued a clear warning that I have dismissed as inconvenient? The Egyptians who obeyed did not wait for certainty or for social consensus; they acted on the word alone. A contemporary Catholic might ask: Am I protecting what is entrusted to me — my family, my community, my integrity — by heeding divine warnings about moral danger? Or am I calculating whether the hail will really be that bad? The fear of the LORD is not anxiety but attentiveness — the habit of treating God's word as the most important data point in every decision.
Commentary