Catholic Commentary
Christ the Mediator of a More Excellent Covenant
6But now he has obtained a more excellent ministry, by as much as he is also the mediator of a better covenant, which on better promises has been given as law.7For if that first covenant had been faultless, then no place would have been sought for a second.
Hebrews 8:6–7 contrasts Christ's superior priesthood and the new covenant with the inadequate Levitical system and old covenant. Christ mediates a better covenant based on superior promises because the first covenant, though good, proved insufficient to transform human hearts and atone for sin definitively.
Christ doesn't improve the rules of the old covenant—He fulfills it by writing God's law directly onto human hearts.
The logic is typological: the existence of a second covenant does not cancel the first but completes it. The entire Mosaic economy — priesthood, temple, sacrifice, law — was a "pedagogue" (Gal 3:24) leading Israel to Christ. The very impermanence of the Levitical sacrifices (repeated daily, annually) was a built-in testimony that something final and sufficient had yet to come.
Typological Sense: The "more excellent ministry" anticipates the Eucharist, in which Christ's one sacrifice is made perpetually present. The "better promises" of a written-on-the-heart law echo both Ezekiel's promise of a heart of flesh (Ezek 36:26) and the Pentecostal gift of the Spirit who perfects the law by charity. The mediator who guarantees with his own person is fulfilled in Christ who, as the Letter to Timothy says, is the "one mediator between God and men" (1 Tim 2:5).
Catholic tradition reads this passage as a masterclass in the relationship between the two Testaments: unity without confusion, fulfillment without abolition. The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that "the economy of the Old Testament was deliberately so oriented that it should prepare for and declare in prophecy the coming of Christ, redeemer of all men" (CCC 122). Hebrews 8:6–7 is among the clearest scriptural warrants for this hermeneutic.
St. Thomas Aquinas, in his Summa Theologiae (I-II, q. 107, a. 2), distinguishes the Old Law as "imperfect" not in terms of moral deficiency but in terms of finality: it could point to grace but not confer it. The New Law, by contrast, is "written on the heart" — it is, at its core, the grace of the Holy Spirit. This maps directly onto the "better promises" of Heb 8:6.
St. John Chrysostom (Homilies on Hebrews, Hom. XIV) observes that the author does not say the first covenant was evil but that it was insufficient: "He does not accuse the covenant, but the persons under it." This is a critical pastoral distinction, still important for Catholic-Jewish dialogue today.
The Council of Trent and Vatican II's Dei Verbum (§14–16) both affirm the organic unity of the two covenants: "God, the inspirer and author of both Testaments, wisely arranged that the New Testament be hidden in the Old and the Old be made manifest in the New" (DV 16, echoing Augustine). The "more excellent ministry" of Christ, in Catholic sacramental theology, is most concretely actualized in the Eucharist — the sacrificium laudis in which the New Covenant is renewed at every Mass (CCC 1339–1340).
For the contemporary Catholic, Hebrews 8:6–7 challenges a subtle but common error: treating the Christian life as fundamentally a matter of external observance — attending Mass, following rules, fulfilling obligations — while leaving the heart untransformed. The "better promises" of the New Covenant are precisely promises of interiority: God writing His law not on tablets of stone but on the human heart (Jer 31:33). The sacraments are not new rituals replacing old ones; they are the very means by which Christ the Mediator applies this interior transformation.
Practically, this passage invites Catholics to ask: Am I engaging my faith at the level of the heart, or merely at the level of practice? The New Covenant, mediated by Christ at the cost of His blood and renewed in every Eucharist, offers what no mere code of conduct can — the actual indwelling of divine life. Frequent, attentive reception of the sacraments, especially Confession and the Eucharist, is the concrete path by which Christ continues His "more excellent ministry" in each believer's soul. The passage also calls Catholics to resist a self-sufficient moralism: the New Covenant is gift before it is demand.
Commentary
Hebrews 8:6 — "But now he has obtained a more excellent ministry..."
The adversative "but now" (νυνὶ δέ, nyni de) marks a decisive turning point. The author has just described the Levitical priests as serving "a copy and shadow of heavenly realities" (Heb 8:5); now the contrast is made explicit. Christ has not merely assumed a different priesthood — He has obtained (κέκτηται) one of incomparably greater excellence. The word "obtained" carries a note of achievement through passage: the exalted, ascended Christ has secured His high-priestly office through the act of offering Himself (cf. Heb 9:12).
The word mesitēs (μεσίτης), translated "mediator," is juridical in flavor. A mediator stands between two parties to guarantee the terms of an agreement. In the ancient world, a mediator of a covenant was personally accountable for its fulfillment; if one party defaulted, the mediator bore the consequence. The author of Hebrews employs this term with full awareness of its weight: Christ does not merely broker the New Covenant — He underwrites it with His own life, death, and resurrection. He is simultaneously the priest who offers and the victim who is offered (cf. Heb 9:14).
The phrase "better covenant" (κρείττονος διαθήκης, kreittōnos diathēkēs) contains the signature word of the entire epistle: kreittōn ("better" or "superior") appears thirteen times in Hebrews. Each occurrence measures the distance between type and antitype, shadow and substance. The Old Covenant was genuinely good — it was God's own gift — but its very goodness was typological, pointing beyond itself. The "better promises" on which the New Covenant rests are not abstract improvements but specific divine commitments: the interior transformation of the heart, the universal knowledge of God, and the definitive forgiveness of sins (Heb 8:10–12, citing Jer 31:33–34). The Mosaic covenant promised land, progeny, and national blessing conditioned on obedience; the New Covenant promises what the human will could never achieve — a rewritten heart.
Hebrews 8:7 — "For if that first covenant had been faultless..."
The conditional argument here is elegant and precise. The author is not attacking the Mosaic Law as defective in its divine origin — he is careful elsewhere to honor it as "holy and just and good" (cf. Rom 7:12). Rather, the fault lay in the people (Heb 8:8: "finding fault with them"). The Law was incapable of effecting what it demanded; it could diagnose sin but not cure it. It could prescribe sacrifice but could not, by the blood of bulls and goats, take away sin (Heb 10:4). In this sense, the first covenant's "fault" was its inherent incompleteness as an instrument of salvation — a scaffold that was always meant to be dismantled once the building stood.