Catholic Commentary
Address to the Restored People
1“Say to your brothers, ‘My people!’ and to your sisters, ‘My loved one!’
Hosea 2:1 reverses the judgment pronounced in Hosea 1:9 by commanding the restored community to proclaim to one another their recovered covenant identity as "my people" (Ammi). This represents a shift from divine judgment to divine mercy, transforming the people from objects of God's condemnation into active participants in their own reidentification within the covenant community.
God refuses to let His people remain estranged—He overwrites rejection with the covenant name that means belonging.
Typological Sense — From Israel to the Church
The Church Fathers read Hosea 2:1 as a prophecy that overflows its original Israelite context into the mystery of the Gentiles' incorporation into God's family. St. Paul explicitly cites the Lo-Ammi / Ammi reversal in Romans 9:25–26 to explain how Gentiles, once estranged, have been named "my people" in Christ. The restoration Hosea envisions exceeds any purely national return from exile; it points to the eschatological gathering of all peoples into the one covenant family of God.
Catholic tradition reads Hosea 2:1 as a foundational text for understanding the Church as the People of God — the central ecclesiological image recovered and deepened by the Second Vatican Council. Lumen Gentium §9 explicitly draws on this prophetic tradition: "God gathered together as one all those who in faith look upon Jesus as the author of salvation and the source of unity and peace, and established them as the Church, that for each and all she may be the visible sacrament of this saving unity." The "not my people" who become "my people" are, in the fullness of revelation, all humanity invited into covenant through Baptism.
St. Cyril of Alexandria, commenting on Hosea, saw the naming of Ammi as a direct type of Christian baptismal adoption: just as God re-names Israel into covenant membership, Baptism inscribes the name of God upon the soul and incorporates the baptized into Christ's Body. The Catechism of the Catholic Church (§1267) teaches that Baptism "makes us members of the Body of Christ" — the precise content of the covenant name Ammi applied sacramentally.
Hosea's use of intimate naming language also anticipates the nuptial theology so central to Hosea 2 as a whole and to the Catholic understanding of the Church as Bride of Christ (cf. Lumen Gentium §6; Eph 5:25–32). God's re-naming of Israel is an act of spousal fidelity: He refuses to let the beloved remain estranged. Pope Benedict XVI, in Deus Caritas Est §9, cites Hosea as one of the supreme Old Testament witnesses to the truth that God's love is eros transformed into agape — passionate, seeking, and ultimately self-giving.
The divine initiative in restoration — "I will say to Lo-Ammi, 'You are my people'" — safeguards the Catholic doctrine of prevenient grace: our belonging to God is never our own achievement but always God's prior act of naming and claiming.
Contemporary Catholics live in a culture that aggressively constructs identity through ideology, achievement, ethnicity, or online community. Hosea 2:1 interrupts this with a radical counter-claim: your most fundamental identity is the one God speaks over you. You are Ammi — His people — not because of heritage, moral performance, or social belonging, but because God has named you so in Christ and in the waters of Baptism.
Practically, this verse challenges Catholics to recover the habit of speaking identity into one another. "Say to your brothers, 'My people!'" is an act of communal proclamation. In an era of acute ecclesial discouragement — scandals, declining Mass attendance, cultural marginalization — Hosea's command is urgent: do not let the community forget who it is. Parish life, small faith communities, and family prayer are places where this naming happens concretely. When we greet one another as members of the Body, when we call each other back to the sacraments, when we refuse to let a fallen brother or sister remain in the spiritual state of "Lo-Ammi," we are doing the work Hosea commands. The restored name is not merely announced — it is enacted in how we treat one another.
Commentary
Literal Sense — The Reversal of "Lo-Ammi"
To grasp the full weight of Hosea 2:1, one must hold it alongside Hosea 1:9, where God instructed the prophet to name his third child Lo-Ammi — "Not my people" — with the devastating rationale: "for you are not my people and I am not your God." That verdict, pronounced over a kingdom steeped in Baal worship and social injustice, constituted a formal, covenantal rupture. The divine name itself was withheld: God would no longer be the "I AM" (the covenant God, YHWH) to Israel.
Hosea 2:1 (numbered 1:10–2:1 in some Hebrew and Catholic editions, reflecting the chapter division used in the Vulgate and Nova Vulgata traditions) reverses this verdict with startling abruptness. The imperative "Say to your brothers" is addressed not to the prophet alone but to the restored community. This is communal speech — the people are called to proclaim to one another their recovered identity. The word Ammi is not merely a name; it is the language of covenant adoption, echoing the great Sinai formula: "I will be your God, and you shall be my people" (Lev 26:12; Jer 7:23). To be Ammi is to belong to the God who chose, saved, and bound Israel to Himself.
The Names as Theological Drama
Hosea's prophetic strategy throughout chapters 1–2 is built around the three children whose names function as living signs (semeia): Jezreel ("God sows"), Lo-Ruhamah ("Not pitied"), and Lo-Ammi ("Not my people"). Each name enacts divine judgment in the body of Israel's social reality. Chapter 2:1 begins the undoing of this prophetic sign-drama: Lo-Ammi becomes Ammi, and the sister Lo-Ruhamah (addressed as Ruhamah, "pitied/beloved") is implicitly restored in the same breath. What God named in wrath, God renames in mercy. This is not mere rhetorical reversal — it is a performative act of divine speech, for in the prophetic tradition, the word of God accomplishes what it declares (cf. Isa 55:11).
The "Brothers" and the Community of Restoration
The command to "say to your brothers" is socially and ecclesiologically significant. Restoration is not a private experience between God and the individual soul; it is proclaimed within community and constituted as a community. The people must tell one another who they are. Identity under God is always shared — Israel speaks Ammi to Israel. This anticipates the New Testament theology of the Church, where believers constitute one another as members of the Body through proclamation, sacrament, and mutual witness.