Catholic Commentary
Yahweh's Definitive Oracle of Doom Against Babylon
22“I will rise up against them,” says Yahweh of Armies, “and cut off from Babylon name and remnant, and son and son’s son,” says Yahweh.23“I will also make it a possession for the porcupine, and pools of water. I will sweep it with the broom of destruction,” says Yahweh of Armies.
Isaiah 14:22–23 records God's judgment against Babylon, promising to eliminate its name, descendants, and all remnants of its existence. The passage employs vivid imagery of desolation—the city becoming a haunt for wild creatures and stagnant pools—swept away by God's destructive broom, symbolizing complete annihilation of an empire opposing divine will.
God sweeps away what opposes Him as casually as a householder sweeps dust—and no empire, no matter how mighty, is too grand for the broom of destruction.
Typological and Spiritual Senses
Patristic exegesis consistently reads "Babylon" as a figure (figura) for every power that organizes itself in opposition to God. Origen identifies Babylon with the disordered soul; Augustine in De Civitate Dei (XVIII) interprets it as the archetypal civitas terrena — the earthly city built on self-love to the contempt of God — set in perpetual contrast to the City of God. The "broom of destruction" becomes, in this reading, an image of divine purification that is also mercy toward the world: what oppresses God's people cannot be allowed to endure. Isaiah's oracle thus transcends its historical referent (the fall of Babylon to Cyrus in 539 BC, confirmed by the Cyrus Cylinder) and becomes a prophetic template for every eschatological judgment.
Catholic tradition reads these verses through at least three interlocking lenses.
1. Divine Sovereignty and the Limits of Human Power. The Catechism teaches that God "is the sovereign master of his plan" and that "to accomplish it he also makes use of his creatures' cooperation" (CCC §306). Isaiah 14:22–23 presses this further: when human powers refuse that cooperation and set themselves against God's purposes, He does not merely redirect them — He eliminates them. The Church Fathers were struck by the theological audacity of the oracle: Cyril of Alexandria notes that the triple repetition of the divine name (dixit Dominus) signals that this judgment flows from God's very essence, not from momentary wrath.
2. Babylon as Theological Anti-Type. The Catechism explicitly treats Babylon as a scriptural symbol for "the great city" of worldly opposition to God, especially as developed in Revelation 17–18 (CCC §117 on the spiritual sense of Scripture). Pope Benedict XVI, in Verbum Domini (§42), calls attention to the "unity of the Old and New Testaments" in eschatological passages precisely like this one: Isaiah's Babylon prefigures the "Babylon" of the Book of Revelation, and both stand as warnings against any civilization that makes itself absolute.
3. The "Broom of Destruction" and Purgative Justice. St. Thomas Aquinas, commenting on divine judgment in the Summa Contra Gentiles (III.140), distinguishes between punitive and medicinal punishment. The total destruction of Babylon is punitive — yet even this serves a medicinal purpose for the broader community of nations and for Israel: it demonstrates that no worldly power is ultimate. The Council of Trent's teaching on divine justice (Session VI) affirms that God's punishments, however severe, are always perfectly proportioned to iniquity and always ordered to the vindication of His holiness.
For a Catholic living in a world saturated with competing claims to ultimacy — political ideologies, economic systems, cultural empires — Isaiah 14:22–23 is bracing medicine. The oracle does not invite schadenfreude at the fall of the powerful; it invites a sober audit of where we have placed our trust. The "name" that God cuts off is not only Babylon's; it is any name we have elevated to the status of the Name above all names (Phil 2:9).
Concretely: the Catholic is called to hold all earthly institutions — including beloved ones — with what St. Ignatius called indiferencia, holy detachment. A career, a nation, a political party, even a cherished cultural expression of the Faith can become a personal "Babylon" if we invest in it the finality that belongs to God alone. The image of the broom is useful for an examen: What in my life has God been sweeping away? Can I receive that stripping not as abandonment but as the very action of "Yahweh of Armies" clearing space for something that cannot be swept?
Commentary
Isaiah 14:22 — The Obliteration of Name and Lineage
The oracle opens with a stark first-person declaration: "I will rise up against them." The Hebrew verb qûm (קוּם), "to rise up," carries juridical and military force simultaneously — God stands as both judge pronouncing sentence and warrior executing it. The phrase "Yahweh of Armies" (YHWH Ṣəḇāʾôt) appears twice, bracketing both verses as an inclusio that underscores divine sovereignty over all heavenly and earthly powers. Babylon, the greatest military empire of the ancient Near East, is measured against the commander of the cosmic hosts and found utterly wanting.
The fourfold sequence of what is "cut off" — name, remnant, son, and son's son — is deliberate and exhaustive. In the ancient world, one's name (שֵׁם, šēm) was not merely an identifier but a totality of existence, reputation, and legacy. To cut off a name was to erase a civilization from memory and from the covenant of history. Remnant (שְׁאָר, šəʾār) is a theologically charged word in Isaiah: for Israel, a remnant always survives as seed of redemption (cf. Isa 10:20–22); for Babylon, no such mercy is extended. The explicit inclusion of "son and son's son" eliminates any hope of dynastic continuation — the judgment extends across generations. This is not collateral damage; it is total genealogical erasure, a fate Isaiah earlier reserved for the Assyrian king (Isa 14:20b–21). The repetition of "says Yahweh" mid-verse and at verse's end (a rare double attestation) functions as a double seal: this word will come to pass.
Isaiah 14:23 — The Cosmos Reclaims the City
The imagery shifts from courtroom to wasteland. Two destinies await Babylon's ruins: possession by the qippôd (קִפֹּד) — rendered "porcupine," "bittern," or "hedgehog" depending on translation — and "pools of water." Both images speak of a land reverting to primordial, uncultivable chaos. The qippôd appears again in Isaiah 34:11 (the doom of Edom) and Zephaniah 2:14 (Nineveh), always as a symbol of grotesque desolation replacing human habitation. The "pools of water" (ăgammê-māyim) evoke not fertile irrigation — Babylon's lifeblood — but stagnant, reed-choked swamps, the antithesis of the engineered waterways that made the city possible.
The climax is the magnificently concrete image: "the broom of destruction" (מַטְאֲטֵא הַשְׁמֵד, maṭʾăṭēʾ haššemēd). The word appears only here in the entire Hebrew Bible — a — chosen for its sweeping, onomatopoeic force. God does not merely defeat Babylon; He sweeps it away as a householder sweeps dust from a floor. The image is almost domestic in scale, which makes it more devastating: the mightiest empire in the world is, before God, mere refuse.