Catholic Commentary
Salutation: James the Servant
1James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes which are in the Dispersion: Greetings.
James 1:1 is the opening greeting of James's epistle, where the author identifies himself as a servant of both God and the Lord Jesus Christ, addressing Jewish Christians scattered throughout the diaspora as the reconstituted twelve tribes. The verse establishes James's humble authority and affirms Christ's divinity through the double invocation of divine lordship.
The leader of the Jerusalem church introduces himself as a slave—not despite his authority, but as the reason for it.
"Greetings" (chairein) — The standard Greek epistolary greeting, literally "rejoice" or "be glad." It is the same word used in the letter from the Jerusalem Council that James almost certainly helped draft (Acts 15:23) — a literary echo pointing to authorship. St. Bede noted that this simple greeting binds the practical ethical teaching of the whole letter to the joy that is rooted in God, anticipating James's immediate command in verse 2 to "count it all joy" in trials.
Catholic tradition brings several distinctive illuminations to this verse.
On the Perpetual Virginity of Mary: The identification of James as "brother of the Lord" has been a perennial point of Catholic exegesis. The Church Fathers were divided between the "Epiphanian" view (James as a son of Joseph from a prior marriage) and the "Hieronymian" view (James as a cousin of Jesus). The Council of Trent did not define the precise relationship but affirmed Mary's perpetual virginity (Catechism of the Catholic Church §499–507), which the Hieronymian interpretation (Jerome's) upholds. This is not merely a devotional footnote — it shapes how Catholics read the entire letter: its author is not a child of Mary but a kinsman, whose authority rests not on natural proximity to Jesus but on his radical conversion (he apparently did not believe during Jesus' ministry — Jn 7:5) and his role as bishop.
On the Title "Servant": The CCC §876 teaches that the office of ministry in the Church "has a personal character" but is "essentially at the service" of the community and of Christ. James embodies this perfectly: the greatest bishop in Christendom at the time calls himself a doulos. This resonates with lumen gentium §27, which describes bishops as "servants of servants," echoing Gregory the Great's famous title servus servorum Dei. Leadership in the Church is always servant-leadership, grounded in Christ who came "not to be served but to serve" (Mk 10:45).
On the New Israel: The address to the "twelve tribes" reflects the Catholic understanding of the Church as the fulfillment and continuation of Israel (CCC §877; Lumen Gentium §9). The Church does not replace Israel in a supersessionist erasure but gathers and fulfills the promises made to the patriarchs and prophets, incorporating both Jew and Gentile into one Body.
James's self-identification as a doulos — a slave — of God challenges the contemporary Catholic at the level of identity. In a culture that prizes self-branding, credentialing, and the assertion of one's achievements, James's opening move is to disappear into his relationship with God. He had extraordinary human credentials: personal kinship with Jesus, decades of leadership, the respect of both Jewish Christians and observant Jews. He mentions none of it.
For Catholics today, this raises a practical examination of conscience: Do I lead with what I have accomplished, or with Whom I belong to? In parish ministry, family life, professional settings, or social media — do I operate as a servant of God, or do I conscript God into the service of my own identity? James also models the proper ordering of authority: he writes not on his own initiative but as a commissioned servant. Every Catholic who teaches, leads, parents, or serves does so not as an autonomous agent but as a steward of gifts belonging to Another. The greeting chairein — rejoice — is also a quiet challenge: even before the difficulties of the letter begin, joy is the proper posture of the servant.
Commentary
James 1:1 — A Study in Humility and Authority
The letter opens with a single, dense verse that quietly contains a theology of identity, authority, and the Church.
"James" — The author identifies himself by name alone, without titles or elaborate self-credentials. Catholic tradition, following Origen, Eusebius, and Jerome, identifies this James as James "the Just" (ho dikaios), the "brother of the Lord" (Gal 1:19), who led the Jerusalem church as its first bishop and presided over the Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15). He is not James the son of Zebedee (who was martyred by Herod Agrippa in Acts 12:2) but rather one of the "brothers of the Lord" — understood in Catholic tradition, following St. Jerome's interpretation, as a kinsman (cousin) of Jesus, since Mary remained ever-virgin. This James was so venerated for his righteousness and ascetic prayer that Eusebius records he wore down the skin of his knees to the hardness of a camel's hide through constant kneeling in the Temple. For him to introduce himself simply as "James" presumed an audience who knew him well — yet the name alone carried enormous weight.
"A servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" — The Greek word doulos (δοῦλος) means not merely a hired servant but a slave — one whose very will and life belong to another. This is no self-deprecation in a false sense; it is the highest Christian title. To call oneself the doulos of God echoes the great figures of Israel's covenant: Moses is called "the servant of the LORD" (eved YHWH) repeatedly in Deuteronomy and Joshua; David bears the same title; the Suffering Servant of Isaiah (42:1; 52:13) is the supreme type. James places himself consciously in this tradition. Crucially, he names both "God" and "the Lord Jesus Christ" as his masters in a single breath — a subtle but profound affirmation of Christ's divine lordship. To be a slave of both is to confess their unity of will and nature. James, who knew Jesus personally in the flesh, calls his kinsman Kyrios Iēsous Christos — Lord, Jesus, Messiah — the full confessional title of Christian faith. This is remarkable testimony from the earthly family of Jesus.
"To the twelve tribes which are in the Dispersion" — Diaspora (διασπορά) was a technical term for Jews living outside the land of Israel, scattered among the nations since the Assyrian and Babylonian deportations. The mention of "twelve tribes" is significant: in the first century, the northern tribes had long since been absorbed into the nations, and the term was largely symbolic — it evoked the full, reconstituted People of God promised by the prophets (Ezek 37; Jer 31). James uses it for Jewish Christians dispersed throughout the Roman world (and likely beyond), but in doing so, he implicitly claims that the Church is the renewed and fulfilled Israel. The "twelve" carries deliberate theological weight: Jesus chose twelve apostles precisely to reconstitute the twelve-tribe nation of God (Matt 19:28). These dispersed communities are not fragments of a broken nation — they are the fulfillment of the prophetic hope for a gathered, holy people, now scattered again in the world as witnesses.