Catholic Commentary
Military Mobilization and the Search for a Leader
17Then the children of Ammon were gathered together and encamped in Gilead. The children of Israel assembled themselves together and encamped in Mizpah.18The people, the princes of Gilead, said to one another, “Who is the man who will begin to fight against the children of Ammon? He shall be head over all the inhabitants of Gilead.”
Judges 10:17–18 depicts Israel and Ammon encamped in opposition, with the princes of Gilead publicly seeking a man willing to initiate battle against the Ammonites in exchange for leadership over all Gilead. The passage emphasizes a critical leadership vacuum: Israel possesses military strength but lacks the individual courage to break the paralyzing stalemate.
When danger exposes a leadership vacuum, the one who breaks the paralysis by stepping forward first becomes the one God raises up to lead.
Typological and spiritual senses
In the fourfold sense cherished by the Catholic exegetical tradition, this passage operates powerfully at the allegorical level. The leaderless army at Mizpah, facing an enemy it cannot engage without someone to step forward, typifies the human condition under sin: humanity possessed the faculties of reason and will but lacked the one who would begin the battle against death and evil. The princes' question — "Who is the man?" — resonates with the messianic longing embedded throughout the Old Testament. The answer, in the fullness of time, is the one whom Isaiah calls the "Prince of Peace" (Is. 9:6), who steps forward not because he is chosen by a committee but because no one else can and will.
The promise of headship anticipates the New Testament pattern in which the one who empties himself (Phil. 2:7) is therefore exalted as head (Eph. 1:22). Jephthah's elevation from outcast to head of Gilead is a rough, incomplete figure of this mystery.
Catholic tradition brings several distinctive lenses to this passage.
Authority as service rooted in courage. The Catechism teaches that "political authority is of divine institution" (CCC 1918) and that it exists for the common good (CCC 1903). Judges 10:17–18 dramatizes the negative image of this truth: when no one accepts the burden of leadership, the community becomes vulnerable and inert. The princes' promise — authority granted to whoever initiates sacrifice — embodies what the Church calls the priority of the common good over private advantage. Authentic authority is not seized but accepted at cost.
The typology of the reluctant savior. St. Augustine, in The City of God (Book XVIII), reads the Judges cycle as a sustained allegory of the two cities: the earthly city's repeated moral collapse and God's providential rescue through imperfect instruments. The search for a leader in Gilead fits Augustine's schema: God allows the community to feel the full weight of its disorder before raising up a deliverer, so that the rescue is unambiguously attributed to divine grace, not human adequacy.
Mizpah as a place of covenant assembly. The Fathers noted that sacred geography in Israel clusters around moments of divine encounter. The choice of Mizpah — a watchtower — for this assembly prefigures the Church's own posture of vigilance (nepsis in the Greek tradition). Pope Benedict XVI, in Verbum Domini (§30), speaks of Scripture placing the People of God before moments of crisis precisely to awaken the awareness that salvation comes from beyond human resources.
The question "Who is the man?" echoes through salvation history as a messianic placeholder. St. John Chrysostom notes in his Homilies on John that such questions in the Old Testament are answered definitively only by Christ, the one who, as High Priest, "goes before" the people into the Holy of Holies (Heb. 6:20).
The scene at Mizpah is strikingly contemporary: a community under threat, people assembled but immobile, leaders asking aloud, "Who will go first?" Every Catholic parish, diocese, and Catholic institution periodically faces this moment — a ministry without a director, a crisis without a spokesperson, a moral challenge demanding someone willing to bear the cost of speaking clearly.
This passage calls Catholic readers to examine their own paralysis. The princes of Gilead are not villains; they are capable men genuinely uncertain who is qualified. Their sin, if any, is passivity dressed as discernment. Contemporary Catholics can fall into the same trap: waiting for the "right" person, the perfect candidate, the one who will bear no cost to us — while the enemy consolidates.
Concretely, this passage is a summons to the laity who hear Vatican II's call in Lumen Gentium (§31) to animate temporal affairs with the spirit of the Gospel. When a Catholic sees a need in their family, workplace, or parish — a child in their school being bullied, a neighbor in poverty, a liturgy falling into carelessness — the question of the princes of Gilead lands squarely: Who will begin? Catholic spirituality answers: the one who begins is the one God is already preparing.
Commentary
Judges 10:17 — The two camps: confrontation without resolution
"The children of Ammon were gathered together and encamped in Gilead." The verb gathered (Hebrew: wāyyiqqāḥaṣû) carries the weight of organized, purposeful military assembly. Gilead — the territory east of the Jordan — is not merely a battle zone; it is Israel's homeland for the tribes of Gad, Reuben, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The Ammonites are not raiding a frontier; they are occupying Israel's heartland, fulfilling the judgment announced in 10:8–9, where they had "vexed and oppressed" Israel for eighteen years.
"The children of Israel assembled themselves together and encamped in Mizpah." Israel's encampment at Mizpah — a name meaning watchtower — is geographically and symbolically significant. Mizpah in Gilead will reappear in Judges 11:11 as the cultic site where Jephthah makes his vow before the LORD. The fact that Israel is encamped and waiting — but not yet fighting — reveals a critical incapacity: they have the manpower but lack the will to move without a commander. Their gathering is reactive, not initiative-driven, a mirror of their spiritual state after the rebuke and partial repentance recorded in 10:10–16.
Judges 10:18 — The leadership vacuum and the public pledge
"The people, the princes of Gilead, said to one another…" The Hebrew here is striking in its redundancy: hā'ām śārê Gil'ād — both "the people" and "the princes" are named together, suggesting that this is not a private deliberation of elites but a communal crisis laid bare before all. The leaders have no answer they can give privately; they must search publicly.
"Who is the man who will begin to fight against the children of Ammon?" The verb yāḥēl — "will begin" — is pivotal. It does not simply ask for a fighter; it asks for an initiator, a first mover, someone with the courage to break the paralysis. Ancient Near Eastern warfare often turned on exactly this: who would dare strike the first blow and bear the first risk. No one is volunteering.
"He shall be head over all the inhabitants of Gilead." The leaders make a binding public promise: the reward for courageous initiative is political headship (rōʾš) over Gilead. This is not merely a military commission but a permanent civic authority. The offer is remarkable because it places the community's future governance in the hands of whoever is bold enough to act when others will not. The narrative thus frames authentic leadership as a function of sacrifice and initiative rather than of birth, wealth, or prior status — a principle that will find its ironic fulfillment in Jephthah, a man born of a harlot and expelled by his own brothers (11:1–2).