Catholic Commentary
Shamgar's Brief Judgeship Against the Philistines
31After him was Shamgar the son of Anath, who struck six hundred men of the Philistines with an ox goad. He also saved Israel.
Judges 3:31 recounts how Shamgar son of Anath, a figure of uncertain ethnic background, defeated six hundred Philistines using only an ox goad and thereby saved Israel. This brief account emphasizes that divine deliverance operates through humble, unlikely instruments and individuals rather than through conventional military power.
God saves nations through a farmer's tool in the hands of a man no one remembers—teaching us that our ordinary work, offered faithfully, is already a weapon in His hands.
Typological Sense: The entire structure of the verse — one man, unexpected instrument, total deliverance of God's people — is a compressed type of the Saviour who comes not in armour but in flesh, who defeats the enemies of humanity not with sword but with the wood of the Cross, an instrument no less humble than an ox goad, and who "saves Israel" definitively and finally.
Catholic tradition has long read the Book of Judges through the lens of a providential theology of history: God consistently subverts human expectations of power, choosing weak instruments to manifest His own strength. This principle, articulated explicitly by St. Paul — "God chose what is weak in the world to shame the strong" (1 Cor 1:27) — finds a vivid historical precedent in Shamgar. The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that God's providential governance "makes use of the co-operation of creatures" and that He "can bring a good out of the consequences of an evil" (CCC §§ 306, 311–312). Shamgar's ox goad embodies this: a tool of agrarian toil, not warfare, becomes the means of national salvation.
St. Augustine, in The City of God, reflects broadly on the judges as examples of temporal leaders raised by God to serve a providential purpose for the city of man, even when they seem to lack the expected credentials of greatness. Shamgar, in his singular verse, fits precisely this category — a man with no recorded moral profile, no prophetic call narrative, whose sole credential is the act God accomplishes through him.
The typological significance deepens in light of Catholic sacramental theology. Just as God uses material, ordinary things — water, oil, bread, wine — to accomplish supernatural ends in the sacraments, so here He uses a stick of wood to deliver His people. The ox goad as instrument of salvation anticipates the wood of the Cross, and Catholic commentators from Isidore of Seville onward have noted this foreshadowing: lignum (wood) becomes in Christian typology the instrument by which the true Deliverer saves not six hundred, but all humanity. The Second Vatican Council's Dei Verbum §15 affirms that the Old Testament books, though containing "some things which are incomplete and temporary," were divinely ordered toward preparing the way for Christ — and Shamgar's deliverance is one such preparatory sign.
Shamgar challenges a subtle but pervasive modern assumption: that meaningful service to God requires exceptional credentials, platforms, or resources. Many Catholics feel sidelined from "real" ministry because they lack theological degrees, positions of influence, or eloquent speech. Shamgar had a farm tool. What Catholics do possess — a baptismal identity, daily work, ordinary relationships — are, in God's economy, already sufficient instruments for deliverance, whether of a soul, a family, or a community.
Practically: consider the "ox goads" already in your hands. A lay Catholic who teaches one child the Faith in a secular school, who offers a single honest word to a colleague in moral crisis, who persists in prayer without visible fruit — these are Shamgar-acts. God does not require impressive armaments. He requires availability. The brevity of Shamgar's record in Scripture should also comfort those whose lives seem small by worldly measure: "He also saved Israel" — one sentence, eternal weight. Your fidelity, however unnoticed, is written in a Book that does not omit it.
Commentary
Judges 3:31 — Literal and Narrative Analysis
Shamgar son of Anath appears without introduction, without genealogy beyond his father's name, and without any account of his call, his death, or the years of peace that typically follow a judge's victory. He occupies exactly one verse in the Hebrew canon — the most compressed judgeship in the entire book — yet the Masoretic text grants him a place of honour between Ehud (3:12–30) and Deborah (ch. 4), and he is mentioned again by name in the Song of Deborah (5:6), which suggests his memory was alive in Israelite tradition.
"Shamgar son of Anath": The name Shamgar is likely of Hurrian origin, and Anath is the name of a fierce Canaanite war goddess — a striking detail that has led some commentators (including the Church Father tradition) to note that even those of ambiguous ethnic or cultural background can become instruments of Israel's God. It is possible that "son of Anath" is a geographic marker (Beth-Anath, a town in Naphtali; cf. Josh 19:38) rather than a literal patronymic tied to the goddess. Either reading underscores that Shamgar stands at the margins of expected heroism.
"Six hundred men of the Philistines": The Philistines at this point in biblical history represent not only a military threat but a spiritual one — a people hostile to Israel's covenant identity. The number six hundred echoes elsewhere in Scripture as a number of formidable enemy force (cf. 1 Sam 13:15, where Saul's army is reduced to six hundred; Exod 14:7, where six hundred chariots pursue Israel at the Red Sea). The completeness of Shamgar's victory over precisely this number signals a total, providential routing.
"With an ox goad" (Hebrew: malmad ha-baqar): This is the passage's most theologically charged detail. An ox goad was an agricultural tool — a long wooden shaft tipped with metal — used to prod cattle. It is the furthest thing from a military weapon. Yet in Shamgar's hands it becomes an instrument of deliverance. The text makes no attempt to naturalise or explain this militarily; the sheer implausibility signals divine empowerment. This is deliberate theology: when Israel is weak and disarmed (cf. Judg 5:8, "not a shield or spear seen among forty thousand in Israel"), God raises up one man with a farmer's tool. The ox goad stands in a line with Samson's jawbone of a donkey (15:15–16), David's sling (1 Sam 17:40), and Jael's tent peg (Judg 4:21) as objects that Scripture uses to show that victory belongs not to human arms but to divine will operating through the lowly.
"He also saved Israel": This closing refrain (the Hebrew ) is a formulaic declaration used of the judges. Its brevity here — no mention of years of peace, no burial notice — may indicate either that the tradition preserved only a fragment of a longer account or that the Spirit-inspired editors intentionally kept Shamgar as a hinge figure: a reminder that salvation can flash through history in a single act, a single instrument, a single moment of fidelity. The word (saved, delivered) is from the same root as (Jesus/Joshua), making even the vocabulary of this verse quietly messianic in its resonance.