Catholic Commentary
Theological Epilogue: God's Justice Vindicated and Jotham's Curse Fulfilled
56Thus God repaid the wickedness of Abimelech, which he did to his father in killing his seventy brothers;57and God repaid all the wickedness of the men of Shechem on their heads; and the curse of Jotham the son of Jerubbaal came on them.
Judges 9:56–57 describes God's repayment of Abimelech's wickedness in murdering his seventy half-brothers and the punishment of the Shechemites who enabled his usurpation. The passage affirms divine justice through historical events, confirming that Jotham's curse upon those who acted treacherously toward Gideon's house came to fruition.
God repays wickedness—not through distant judgment, but by weaving justice into history itself, making every sin eventually answer for itself.
Typological and Spiritual Senses
The allegorical sense points toward divine judgment as an eschatological reality: what God repaid to Abimelech and Shechem in time anticipates the final divine accounting (Rev 20:12). The tropological (moral) sense calls the reader to examine complicity: the Shechemites did not commit murder themselves but funded it, accepted its benefits, and were therefore judged. Passive cooperation in grave evil incurs genuine moral liability. The anagogical sense lifts the gaze to the perfect justice of God's Kingdom, where every hidden act of violence will be brought to light and weighed.
Catholic tradition brings several distinctive lenses to these verses.
Divine Providence and Secondary Causality. The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that "God is the sovereign master of his plan. But to carry it out he also makes use of his creatures' cooperation" (CCC §306). The narrative of Judges 9 illustrates this with precision: Abimelech dies by a woman's millstone, armies clash, a city falls—yet the narrator's theological verdict attributes all of it to God's repayment. St. Thomas Aquinas's teaching on primary and secondary causality (Summa Theologiae I, q. 22) undergirds this reading: God's providence works through natural and human causes without negating them.
Retributive Justice as a Participation in God's Holiness. Pope Benedict XVI, in Verbum Domini (§42), reminds readers that the "dark" passages of the Old Testament must be read within the "the full arc of salvation history." The retribution here is not divine vengeance in a pagan sense but the moral order of creation reasserting itself. God cannot be indifferent to innocent blood (Gen 4:10). The Church Fathers, particularly St. Augustine (City of God, Book I), argue that divine patience in allowing evil to persist is itself a gift of time for repentance—but that patience has an end.
The Power of the Prophetic Curse. Jotham's curse being named at the chapter's close recalls Catholic teaching on the efficacy of divinely-authorized speech. The prophet's word, like the divine Word itself, "does not return empty" (Is 55:11). St. Jerome, commenting on similar passages in the historical books, noted that God honors the moral logic embedded in the words of those who speak on His behalf.
Complicity and Moral Cooperation. The fate of the Shechemites anticipates the Church's teaching on formal and proximate material cooperation in evil (Veritatis Splendor §78; CCC §1868). Their guilt was real, not symbolic.
These verses confront contemporary Catholics with two unsettling questions: Do I truly believe that God sees injustice I cannot measure or punish? And have I been a Shechemite—funding or benefiting from a wrong I did not personally commit but tacitly endorsed?
In an age of moral outrage that often performs justice without trusting in it, Judges 9:56–57 invites a deeper posture: genuine confidence that divine justice does not require our anxiety to enforce it. This is not passivity in the face of evil—the whole book of Judges shows God calling people to act—but it is freedom from the despair that concludes that powerful wrongdoers escape accountability.
Practically, a Catholic might use these verses as an examination of conscience around complicity: in financial decisions, institutional loyalties, and social silences. The Shechemites did not throw the stones at Ophrah; they merely provided the silver. The text is unsparing about the moral weight of that provision. Bringing concrete situations of complicity to the Sacrament of Reconciliation, rather than rationalizing them as indirect or unavoidable, is the practical spiritual movement these verses demand.
Commentary
Judges 9:56 — "Thus God repaid the wickedness of Abimelech"
The verb šûb (rendered "repaid" or "returned") carries a precise moral logic in the Hebrew: God turned back upon Abimelech the very evil he had committed. This is not mere poetic retribution but a theological statement about the internal coherence of moral order. Abimelech had murdered seventy of his half-brothers—sons of Gideon (Jerubbaal)—upon a single stone at Ophrah (Judges 9:5), sparing only the youngest, Jotham, who escaped. The fratricide was a calculated political act to eliminate rivals, funded by seventy pieces of silver from the temple of Baal-Berith (9:4). The narrator's explicit identification of God as the agent of repayment is crucial: though the instrument of Abimelech's death was a woman dropping a millstone on his head (9:53), the text refuses to let the death stand as mere battlefield accident. Divine providence worked through history's contingencies to execute justice.
The phrase "which he did to his father" is theologically layered. Abimelech claimed descent from Gideon through a Shechemite concubine (9:1–2), making him simultaneously son and fratricide. He exploited his maternal kinship with Shechem to win support while destroying his paternal legacy. By killing his brothers, he was also, in a real sense, violating the memory of Gideon, the judge whom God had raised up to deliver Israel. The violence against the seventy thus compounds: it is murder, betrayal of kin, and desecration of a divinely appointed lineage.
Judges 9:57 — "God repaid all the wickedness of the men of Shechem"
The Shechemites were not passive bystanders—they were willing co-conspirators. They provided the assassination fund, accepted Abimelech's rule, and later turned to treachery (9:22–25), but their initial sin of backing the usurper makes them morally culpable from the outset. The word "all" (kol) is emphatic: no part of their wickedness escaped accounting. Their city was razed, sown with salt (9:45), and its tower collapsed upon those who took refuge there (9:49)—a grim echo of the very stone-slab execution they had sponsored.
The narrator then closes with an explicit callback: "and the curse of Jotham the son of Jerubbaal came on them." This is remarkable. Jotham's curse (9:19–20) was framed conditionally—if the Shechemites had acted in good faith toward Gideon's house, let them prosper; if not, let fire consume both them and Abimelech. The narrator now certifies that the condition was indeed unfulfilled and the curse operative. Jotham is here functioning as a prophet: his word, once spoken, carried its own divine weight. This links him typologically to the prophetic tradition in which the spoken word of God's spokesperson becomes an effective force in history (cf. Isaiah 55:11).