Catholic Commentary
The Treachery of the Covenant-Breaker
20He raises his hands against his friends. He has violated his covenant.21His mouth was smooth as butter, but his heart was war. His words were softer than oil, yet they were drawn swords.
Psalms 55:20–21 describes a betrayer who violates a sacred covenant bond with those called "his peace" while simultaneously employing deceitful, honeyed words to mask violent intentions. The passage contrasts the outward smoothness of his speech with the inner aggression of his heart, depicting hypocrisy as the weaponization of peaceful language to destroy the very covenant it claims to honor.
The betrayer's kiss is the perfect evil—words of peace weaponized as instruments of destruction, and the deepest treachery wears the mask of friendship.
Psalms 55:20 — "He raises his hands against his friends"
The Hebrew behind this verse is striking. The subject — identified earlier in Psalm 55 as a former companion, "a man mine equal, my guide, and mine acquaintance" (v. 13) — is now described as actively lifting his hand against those bound to him. The verb šālaḥ yādāyw ("he stretches out / raises his hands") carries a double resonance in the Hebrew idiom: it describes both violent attack and the deliberate, willful breaking of a sworn bond. The word for "friends" here (Hebrew šelōmāyw, from šālôm) is extraordinarily loaded — it literally means "those who are his peace," the people with whom he stood in a covenantal relationship of shalom. This is not merely a personal falling-out; it is a theological rupture. The betrayer violates the sacred sphere of covenant friendship, the same relational category in which Israel understood its bond with God. The verse thus names a sin of double gravity: both interpersonal treachery and a desecration of the covenant structure itself. The Psalmist does not say the friend became an enemy — he says he raised his hand against those who are his peace, implying that the bond of peace still exists in principle, making the violence all the more monstrous.
The second half of verse 20 in the fuller Hebrew text adds: "He has broken his covenant." This phrase seals the legal and theological indictment. The betrayal is not merely emotional; it is a formal violation of a sworn oath. In the ancient Near Eastern world, covenants were sealed before God as witness, and their breaking was not merely a social offense but a sacrilege. The Psalmist thus situates the friend's treachery within the cosmic order of faithfulness and oath-keeping that God himself underwrites.
Psalms 55:21 — "His mouth was smooth as butter"
Verse 21 shifts from action to word, from the raised hand to the honeyed tongue. The imagery is vivid and culturally precise. Butter (ḥemʾāh) and oil (šemen) were in the ancient world signs of luxury, blessing, and festivity — things associated with abundance and peace. To say that a man's mouth was "smoother than butter" is to say his words were calculated to soothe, to flatter, to disarm. Yet the verse immediately undercuts this: "but war was in his heart." The contrast is absolute. The exterior is all softness and reassurance; the interior is military, aggressive, violent. Similarly, "his words were softer than oil, yet were they drawn swords." The word for "drawn" (Hebrew petûḥôt, literally "open," sometimes rendered as "unsheathed") transforms the image of flowing oil into the image of an unsheathed blade — the very smoothness of the speech is the mechanism of the wounding.
This is a precise anatomy of hypocrisy: not mere lying, but the weaponization of the language of peace. The betrayer uses the vocabulary of covenant (smooth, peaceful, soothing words) as the instrument of its destruction. The greater the apparent warmth, the deeper the hidden violence.
The Typological and Spiritual Senses
In the allegorical reading that pervades patristic commentary, verses 20–21 are among the most explicitly Christological verses in the entire Psalter. The entire Psalm 55 is read as the prayer of Christ in his Passion, and the "companion" and "familiar friend" of verse 13 is unanimously identified with Judas. Here in verses 20–21, the smooth words are the kiss in Gethsemane (Luke 22:47–48) — the most chilling use of the language and gesture of friendship as a weapon of betrayal. The kiss (philēma) was the customary greeting between a disciple and his rabbi, a sign of peace and reverence. Judas weaponized it as a signal for arrest. His mouth was, in the most literal sense, "smooth as butter" — the words "Hail, Rabbi!" (Matt. 26:49) were the drawn sword.
The Catholic tradition brings a layered theological richness to these two verses that goes beyond merely identifying Judas.
The Church Fathers — St. Augustine, in his Enarrationes in Psalmos, treats Psalm 55 as the vox Christi, the voice of Christ himself crying out in the Passion. On verse 21, Augustine writes that the smooth words of the betrayer are the very perfection of evil — evil that has learned to speak the language of love in order to destroy it. He sees in Judas not merely a historical villain but a type of the devil himself, who "goes about as a roaring lion" (1 Pet. 5:8) but often approaches first as an angel of light (2 Cor. 11:14). St. Cassiodorus similarly notes that the drawn swords concealed beneath oil represent all heretical speech: words that appear to build up the faith while silently dismembering it.
The Catechism of the Catholic Church engages this dynamic in its teaching on the Eighth Commandment (CCC 2475–2487), which identifies calumny, flattery, and duplicitous speech as violations not merely of social trust but of the truth which is grounded in God himself, who is Truth (CCC 2465). The smooth-tongued betrayer of Psalm 55:21 is a figure of every person who deploys the sacred language of friendship or faith as a weapon.
St. Thomas Aquinas, commenting on the Psalms, notes that the phrase "covenant-breaker" places this betrayal within a juridical theological framework: to break covenant is to sin against justice, against charity, and against God simultaneously, since God is the guarantor of all solemn bonds. This triad of violated virtues explains why Dante places Judas in the innermost circle of Hell — treachery against benefactors is, in the Catholic moral tradition, the gravest category of injustice.
Contemporary Catholic life presents this passage with unsettling immediacy. In an age of curated social media personas, political doublespeak, and the casual weaponization of therapeutic language — saying "I care about you" while acting to harm — Psalm 55:20–21 names something Catholics are called to resist both in others and in themselves.
Practically, these verses invite an examination of conscience regarding the coherence of our speech and our intentions. Do I use the language of faith — mercy, accompaniment, dialogue — as genuine expressions of covenant love, or as rhetorical tools to advance self-interest? The "smooth mouth" is not always a cynic's weapon; it can be the result of self-deception, speaking words of peace while nursing war in the heart.
For Catholics navigating betrayal — whether in family, friendship, parish, or the broader Church — these verses offer a startling pastoral consolation: Christ himself prayed this psalm. He knew this experience from the inside. The one who was betrayed by a kiss is the same Lord who, in the Eucharist, continues to offer himself to those who may receive him unworthily. In that light, the passage becomes an invitation not to bitterness but to the costly, clear-eyed faithfulness that imitates Christ: knowing the sword beneath the oil, and choosing love anyway.
Commentary