Catholic Commentary
The Cry for Divine Wrath Upon the Enemies
5How long, Yahweh? Will you be angry forever? Will your jealousy burn like fire?6Pour out your wrath on the nations that don’t know you, on the kingdoms that don’t call on your name,7for they have devoured Jacob, and destroyed his homeland.
Psalms 79:5–7 records Israel's urgent plea for God to pour His wrath upon the nations that neither know nor worship Him, because they have devoured the people of Jacob in devastating conquest. The passage invokes covenant language to demand divine justice, with the psalmist's incomplete cry—"How long?"—reflecting a grief too profound for complete articulation.
God's wrath is not arbitrary cruelty but the inevitable collision of holiness with sin—and the psalmist invokes it not from hatred but from covenantal faith.
Psalms 79:5 — "How long, Yahweh?" The cluster opens in medias res, mid-prayer, cutting to the most raw and elemental cry in the psalter's vocabulary: "How long?" ('ad-mātay in Hebrew). This is not a rhetorical flourish; it is a liturgical formula of profound intensity found across the psalms (Pss 6:3; 13:1–2; 89:46; 90:13) and the prophets. It presupposes a relationship — one does not demand an accounting from a stranger. The very audacity of the question is an act of covenantal faith: Israel cries to Yahweh precisely because it believes Yahweh is bound to His people by oath and promise.
The phrase "How long?" is grammatically suspended here — the sentence is incomplete. The psalmist does not even finish the question. This syntactic fragmentation mirrors the spiritual fragmentation of a community that has seen its Temple destroyed (cf. v. 1), its people slaughtered (v. 3), and its land defiled. The incompleteness of the sentence is itself a theological statement: there are no adequate words. The ellipsis in verse 5 is not a literary accident but a window into a grief that exceeds language.
Psalms 79:6 — "Pour out your wrath on the nations that don't know you" The verb shefokh ("pour out") is deliberately violent and liquid — the same verb used in prophetic literature for the pouring out of divine wrath as a liquid upon the earth (cf. Zeph 3:8; Jer 10:25, from which this verse is almost verbatim borrowed). The psalmist is not politely requesting justice; he is invoking the full torrential force of divine retribution.
Critically, the grounds for this invocation are theological, not merely nationalistic: the enemy nations are those who do not know God and do not call upon His name. The Hebrew yāda' ("know") carries covenantal weight — it is the same knowing invoked in marriage, in Israel's election (Amos 3:2), and in Moses's intimacy with God (Ex 33:12). The nations are not simply political enemies; they stand outside the covenant relationship. To "not call upon His name" (lō' qārĕ'û bišmekā) is to exist in a posture of practical atheism — not necessarily denying God's existence, but refusing to orient one's life toward Him in worship and dependence.
This verse, therefore, indicts the nations on a dual charge: ontological estrangement from the God of Israel, and cultic/moral failure to worship. Catholic tradition will find here a type of all who, whether through ignorance or willful rejection, remain outside the life of grace.
Psalms 79:7 — "For they have devoured Jacob" The conjunction kî ("for") introduces the evidential basis for the plea of verse 6: the nations deserve divine wrath because of what they have done to Jacob. "Jacob" here is a synecdoche for the entire people of Israel, the covenantal name recalling the patriarch and the nation born from him. The verb "devoured" (ākhal) is predatory — it evokes a beast consuming prey. Combined with the probable reference to the laying waste of the dwelling place (v. 7b in the full text), the image is one of total, animalistic destruction: not merely military defeat but existential erasure.
Typological and Spiritual Senses The Fathers consistently read Psalm 79 through the lens of the Church as the new Israel. The "nations" become, in the allegorical sense, the forces of sin, the demonic, and the powers of the world hostile to the Body of Christ. Augustine (Enarrationes in Psalmos, Ps. 79) hears the voice of Christ's Body crying from within persecution and tribulation. The "How long?" becomes the prayer of all martyrs and of the Church Militant awaiting the consummation of history — a motif strikingly echoed in Revelation 6:10, where the souls under the altar cry with the same words.
Catholic tradition brings several distinctive lenses to these three verses.
On Imprecatory Prayer: The Church has never excised the imprecatory psalms from its liturgy, and Psalm 79 has been prayed in the Divine Office for centuries. St. Augustine addresses the apparent moral difficulty directly: the psalmist's prayer against enemies is not a failure of charity but a petition that God's justice be done. The cursing is directed not primarily at persons but at the condition of enmity against God. The Catechism (§2641–2643) affirms that the psalms, including their most anguished expressions, constitute the normative prayer of the Church, the prayer that Christ Himself prays in His members.
On the Knowledge of God: The phrase "nations that do not know you" resonates deeply with Catholic teaching on the duplex praeceptum caritatis and the universal call to know and love God. Vatican II's Gaudium et Spes (§19–22) reflects on atheism and the tragedy of human life cut off from its source and end. The nations' ignorance in Psalm 79 is not merely intellectual but relational and moral — a rupture the Church's mission exists to heal.
On Divine Wrath: Catholic theology insists that divine wrath is not an arbitrary passion but the necessary relational consequence of holiness encountering sin (cf. CCC §211, on God's justice). Thomas Aquinas (ST I, q. 21) clarifies that when Scripture speaks of God's wrath, it speaks analogically of a real, ordered disposition of justice — what Aquinas calls vindicatio, the restoration of right order. The psalmist's prayer is thus, theologically, a prayer for the vindication of the moral order — precisely what the Cross achieves definitively.
For contemporary Catholics, these verses offer a spiritually honest template for praying through experiences of injustice, persecution, and suffering that seem to go unanswered. The "How long?" of verse 5 gives permission to pray with raw honesty — to bring frustration, grief, and even anger before God rather than performing a tidy, emotionally sanitized piety. Pope Francis has repeatedly called Catholics to pray from life, not above it (Evangelii Gaudium §264).
More concretely, verse 6's focus on those who "do not know God" invites an examination of mission: the psalmist's prayer against the nations is also, implicitly, a lament that they remain outside the covenant. This can animate intercessory prayer for the unevangelized, for lapsed Catholics, for those who practice "practical atheism" — people who formally acknowledge God but live without reference to Him. The prayer that God "pour out" something upon such people need not remain wrath; in Christ, the pouring out of the Spirit (Acts 2:17) becomes God's definitive answer to the cry of Psalm 79.
Commentary