Romans 6:20–23

Romans 6:20 — "Free from righteousness" Paul opens with a paradox that cuts to the heart of moral bondage. Those who were "servants of sin" (Greek: douloi tēs hamartias) were simultaneously "free from righteousness" (eleutheroi tē dikaiosynē). This is not a freedom to be admired but a freedom to be mourned — the complete absence of righteousness's claim upon them. Paul's irony is precise: what looked like liberty was actually a total captivity. The unregenerate person feels no obligation to righteousness, no pull toward God; this indifference is itself the mark of enslavement. The Roman audience, steeped in the social reality of slavery, would immediately grasp the force of the analogy: a slave belongs exclusively to one master. Before conversion, these Christians belonged entirely to sin; righteousness had no jurisdiction over them.

Romans 6:21 — "What fruit did you have?" Paul now introduces the agricultural metaphor of karpos (fruit), which will carry forward into verse 22. He poses the question rhetorically: what did sin actually produce? The answer is twofold. First, the fruit was something "of which you are now ashamed" (epaischynesthai) — the present shame retroactively reveals the moral poverty of that former life. This shame is not mere psychological embarrassment; it is a moral judgment the newly converted person makes upon his own past, now seen clearly in the light of grace. Second, the ultimate yield (telos, end/result) of those things is death — not merely biological death, but the complete separation from God that is spiritual death. The word telos is deliberately eschatological; Paul is not speaking only of consequences in this life but of the final destination toward which sin inexorably travels.

Romans 6:22 — "Fruit of sanctification" The contrast with verse 21 is total and deliberate. Three movements define the Christian condition: (1) eleutherōthentes apo tēs hamartias — "made free from sin," a liberation that is God's act, not human achievement; (2) doulōthentes de tō Theō — "having become servants of God," which is the true freedom, a slavery that is in fact sonship; and (3) the fruit produced is hagiasmos — sanctification, holiness, the ongoing conformity of the person to God. Crucially, Paul says this fruit issues in (eis) eternal life. Sanctification here is not the endpoint but the road; eternal life is the destination. Catholic tradition has always read this verse as affirming that the justified person genuinely grows in holiness — that hagiasmos is a real transformation of the person, not merely an external imputation. The fruit of this new servitude is not shame but glory.

Romans 6:23 — "Wages" versus "free gift" This verse is among the most theologically concentrated in all of Paul's letters. The word opsōnia (wages) was used in the first century for a soldier's pay — something earned, contracted, deserved. Sin pays what it owes: death. The logic is exact and terrible. But Paul's counter is equally precise: what God gives is not wages but charisma — a free gift, a grace. The word deliberately echoes the gift-language of grace throughout the letter. Eternal life cannot be earned; it is given. And it is given "in Christ Jesus our Lord" (en Christō Iēsou tō Kyriō hēmōn) — the locus of eternal life is not a principle or a program but a Person. This phrase, which Paul uses as a kind of theological seal throughout Romans, insists that union with Christ is the very substance of salvation. The symmetry between "wages of sin" and "free gift of God" is not merely rhetorical; it expresses the utter asymmetry between human deserving and divine generosity.

Catholic tradition illuminates this passage with a precision and depth that is uniquely its own, particularly on three fronts.

On sanctification and justification: The Catholic Church, against certain Reformation readings, insists that justification involves a real interior transformation of the person and not merely a forensic declaration. The Council of Trent (Session VI, Decree on Justification, ch. 7) taught that justification is not the mere remission of sins but "the sanctification and renewal of the inward man." Romans 6:22 is a foundational proof-text: hagiasmos (sanctification) is an actual fruit borne within the believer, and it is the road to eternal life. St. Augustine, in De Spiritu et Littera, argued passionately that righteousness is not merely imputed but infused — God makes us righteous, not just counts us righteous.

On the nature of free will and grace: Verse 20's devastating picture of one "free from righteousness" speaks directly to the Church's teaching on the effects of Original Sin. The Catechism of the Catholic Church (§1264, §1426) acknowledges that while Baptism removes original sin, the inclination toward sin (concupiscence) remains, making ongoing grace essential. The passage thus situates the Christian life as a continuous, Spirit-assisted turning from the old servitude — what the CCC (§2015) calls the "way of perfection."

On eternal life as gift: The charismatic logic of verse 23 resonates with St. Thomas Aquinas's treatment in the Summa Theologiae (I-II, q.114, a.3), where he argues that eternal life exceeds the proportion of human nature and thus cannot be merited de condigno in strict justice — it is always, at its root, grace. Benedict XVI's encyclical Spe Salvi (§3) draws on this same Pauline logic: eternal life is not the reward of heroic virtue alone but the gift of a living relationship with the God who is Life itself.

For the contemporary Catholic, Romans 6:20–23 poses a searingly practical question: What fruit is your life actually producing? Paul's retrospective shame in verse 21 models a form of honest self-examination that the Church calls the examination of conscience — not morbid scrupulosity, but clear-eyed moral inventory. A Catholic reader might ask: What habits, relationships, or patterns in my life are paying "wages" I would be ashamed to name?

Verse 23's distinction between wages and gift also confronts a subtle but pervasive spiritual error: the tendency to treat one's relationship with God as transactional, as though eternal life is earned by accumulating enough prayers, good deeds, or religious observances. Paul insists this is impossible. Eternal life is received, not seized. This should produce not passivity but gratitude — the kind that fuels genuine moral transformation.

Finally, verse 22's linking of sanctification and eternal life reminds Catholics that holiness is not an optional upgrade for the spiritually ambitious. It is the ordinary path of every baptized person. Concrete practice: Commit to regular Confession not merely as guilt management but as the sacramental means of repeatedly choosing the "free gift" over the "wages" — returning from sin's servitude to the freedom of God's children.