Sirach 19:13–19

Sirach 19:13 — "Question a friend; it may be he didn't do it." Ben Sira opens with a startling presumption: the report you have received may simply be false. The verb "question" (Hebrew: shaal; Greek: elenche, "examine" or "test") is not a casual inquiry but a deliberate, face-to-face engagement. The sage offers a double possibility — that the friend did not act at all, or that if he did, he may have already repented and will not repeat it. The second clause anticipates amendment of life, reflecting Ben Sira's consistent conviction that human beings are capable of conversion. Judgment, therefore, should never be rendered on the basis of secondhand information alone.

Sirach 19:14 — "Question your neighbor; it may be he didn't say it." The shift from "friend" to "neighbor" broadens the obligation. Whereas verse 13 concerns action (he didn't do it), verse 14 concerns speech (he didn't say it). In the social world of Ben Sira's Jerusalem, where reputation was a communal resource, the spoken word carried enormous weight. Slander about what someone said could be as destructive as slander about what someone did. Again, the sage holds out two possibilities: the neighbor may be entirely innocent, or if guilty, may not repeat the offense. This restraint from final judgment models the posture the Catechism will later call the presumption of innocence (CCC 2477).

Sirach 19:15 — "Question a friend; for many times there is slander. Don't trust every word." The repetition of the command to question a friend — now a third admonition — signals deliberate rhetorical emphasis. Ben Sira wants his student to internalize this as habit, not occasional practice. The phrase "many times there is slander" (diabolē in the Greek) is striking: diabolē is the root of the word diabolos, the devil himself, who is by name the Slanderer. The sage tacitly situates careless rumor-passing within the domain of the adversarial and destructive. "Don't trust every word" is not cynicism but the cultivated discernment of the wise person who knows that speech is easily distorted.

Sirach 19:16 — "There is one who slips, and not from the heart. Who is he who hasn't sinned with his tongue?" This verse introduces a crucial moral distinction: the difference between inadvertent speech (slipping) and deliberate malice (from the heart). Catholic moral theology, following Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologiae II-II, q. 72–76), distinguishes detraction, calumny, and rash judgment precisely along these lines — intention and knowledge govern the moral gravity of sins of speech. The rhetorical question "Who is he who hasn't sinned with his tongue?" is a universal indictment that functions also as an invitation to humility and mercy: if every listener is himself a sinner of the tongue, he has no standing to condemn hastily. This resonates powerfully with James 3:2 ("If anyone does not stumble in what he says, he is a perfect man") and with the Lord's own warning about the judgment we bring upon ourselves (Mt 7:1–2).

Sirach 19:17 — "Reprove your neighbor before you threaten him; and give place to the law of the Most High." The passage reaches its ethical apex. "Reprove" (elenche) before you "threaten" — private, charitable correction must precede any punitive response. This is fraternal correction (Mt 18:15–17), the obligation not merely to avoid harming the neighbor but actively to seek his amendment. The phrase "give place to the law of the Most High" grounds the entire preceding instruction in divine authority: these are not merely prudential social norms but expressions of Torah, of God's own moral will for human community. The commandment against false witness (Ex 20:16) and the Levitical injunction to reprove the neighbor (Lev 19:17) stand behind Ben Sira's synthesis here.

Typological and Spiritual Senses At the typological level, the passage foreshadows Christ's own method of charitable engagement: He asks questions ("Who do you say that I am?"; "Woman, where are they? Has no one condemned you?") before pronouncing any word of judgment or correction. The woman caught in adultery (Jn 8:1–11) is the supreme narrative icon of these verses — the crowd rushes to condemn on the basis of an unquestioned report, while Jesus insists on exposing the accusers' own sinfulness before any sentence is spoken. Ben Sira's "give place to the law of the Most High" is fulfilled in Christ, who IS the living Law (Jn 1:1; Mt 5:17).

Catholic tradition illuminates this passage with particular richness through its developed theology of sins against truth and the specific obligation of fraternal correction.

The Catechism of the Catholic Church (§§2477–2479) names rash judgment, detraction, and calumny as the three principal sins against the reputation of persons. Rash judgment "assumes as true, without sufficient foundation, the moral fault of a neighbor." Ben Sira's repeated injunction to question before concluding is precisely the antidote to rash judgment — a command to gather sufficient foundation before forming any verdict.

Saint Augustine, in De Mendacio, insists that love of neighbor requires that we grieve rather than gossip when we learn of another's failing. Saint John Chrysostom (Homilies on Matthew, Homily 23) teaches that we do not sin only when we speak falsehood — we sin equally when we speak truth rashly, without charity, and at the wrong moment. The Didache (2:3) likewise warns, "Do not be one who stretches out his hands to receive but withdraws them when it comes to giving" — a principle extended in early Christian teaching to the currency of reputation.

The obligation to fraternal correction, crystallized in verse 17, is treated systematically by Aquinas (ST II-II, q. 33), who calls it an act of charity belonging to every Christian, not only to those in authority. Vatican II's Gaudium et Spes (§26) reinforces this by grounding the dignity of the human person — including the dignity of one's good name — in the image of God (imago Dei). To damage another's reputation without due inquiry is thus not only a social harm but a theological offense against the icon of God present in every person.

In an age of social media and instant information sharing, these five verses function as a prophetic corrective to some of the defining vices of contemporary culture. Catholics today routinely encounter damaging reports — about a fellow parishioner, a priest, a public figure — and face the immediate temptation to share, repost, or render verdict before any personal inquiry is made. Ben Sira's triple command to question first is a concrete spiritual discipline: before repeating what you have heard about someone, ask yourself whether you have spoken directly with that person, or sought out a firsthand account.

Practically, this passage invites the examination of conscience around digital communication. Have I forwarded an accusation without verifying it? Have I "liked" a post that damaged someone's reputation without knowing the facts? Have I applied verse 17's model of private reproof before public confrontation? For those in leadership — parents, teachers, pastors, managers — this text is especially urgent: the instinct to threaten or punish must be disciplined by the prior act of charitable inquiry. The passage also calls Catholics to a robust humility rooted in verse 16: awareness of our own verbal failures makes us slower judges and more merciful neighbors.