Catholic Commentary
The Prosperity of the Wicked (Part 2)
15What is the Almighty, that we should serve him? What profit should we have, if we pray to him?’16Behold, their prosperity is not in their hand. The counsel of the wicked is far from me.
Job 21:15–16 presents the wicked questioning the value of serving God and claiming their prosperity is self-generated, to which Job counters that their wealth is not truly under their control but held contingently from divine providence. The passage pivots on the Hebrew idiom "in their hand," exposing that the wicked's practical atheism and claim to self-sufficiency rest on a fundamental delusion about the source and security of their own flourishing.
The wicked congratulate themselves on self-sufficiency, but Job exposes the fatal blindness: their very prosperity is not in their hand—it belongs to God, the God they claim to have outgrown.
Job 21:15 — "What is the Almighty, that we should serve him?"
This verse is not Job's own confession but a dramatic quotation — Job is ventriloquizing the theology of the wicked, giving it its most brazen and articulate form. The Hebrew mah Shaddai ("What is the Almighty?") is a calculated rhetorical dismissal: it does not deny God's existence but questions His relevance. The divine name Shaddai (Almighty) is used throughout Job precisely to emphasize God's sovereign power and sufficiency. The wicked are not atheists in the modern sense; they are practical atheists — they acknowledge some vague divine reality but find no compelling reason to orient their lives toward it.
The question "that we should serve him?" uses the verb 'abad, the same root that describes the covenantal service of Israel to God and the servitude of a slave to a master. The wicked reframe worship as servitude and then ask what wage it pays. This is the logic of transactional religion inverted: if there is no demonstrable return on investment, why serve? The second half — "and what profit should we have, if we pray to him?" — makes explicit the utilitarian calculus. Prayer becomes a business transaction, and God a silent partner who contributes nothing to the bottom line.
This represents a profound inversion of the proper order of worship. In Catholic understanding, God is not served because of what we gain but because He is who He is — the ground of all being. The wicked here make themselves the measure of all value, a posture the tradition identifies as the root of sin.
Job 21:16 — "Behold, their prosperity is not in their hand."
Here Job steps back from the quoted voice and begins his rebuttal — though the verse is terse and its exact speaker has been disputed in manuscript tradition. The Revised Standard Version (Catholic Edition) and the Nova Vulgata both treat this as Job's corrective interjection. The prosperity (tob, literally "their good") of the wicked, Job insists, is not in their hand — it does not originate with them, and it does not belong to them in any ultimate sense.
The phrase "in their hand" (beyedam) is a Hebrew idiom for autonomous control and personal ownership. Job is not denying that the wicked are visibly prosperous — he has spent the whole chapter arguing that they obviously are. He is denying that their prosperity is self-generated or self-sustaining. It is contingent. It is on loan. It belongs to a providential economy they refuse to acknowledge.
This is the pivot of the entire chapter. The wicked ask, "What profit is there in serving God?" — implying that their own self-reliance is the true source of their flourishing. Job answers: your good is not in your hand. The very prosperity you use as evidence for God's irrelevance is itself a gift you neither earned nor control.
Typological and Spiritual Senses
At the typological level, the voice of the wicked in verse 15 anticipates every moment in salvation history when human self-sufficiency displaces divine sovereignty — from the Tower of Babel to the golden calf to the Pharisees' trust in lineage over grace. In the spiritual sense, verse 16 functions as a permanent anti-idolatry corrective: whatever "good" we possess — health, wealth, talent, relationship — is not securely "in our hand" but is held in trust from the hand of God.
Catholic tradition reads verse 15 as a prototype of the sin of ingratitude and practical atheism, which the Catechism describes as among the most corrosive spiritual dangers. CCC 2094 explicitly names ingratitude — "failing to acknowledge God as the source of one's being and gifts" — as a form of acedia and a violation of the first commandment. The wicked in Job 21 are not irreligious in the spectacular sense; they are indifferent, which the Fathers regarded as the more dangerous condition.
St. Gregory the Great, in his monumental Moralia in Job (Book XV), lingers on these verses at length. He identifies the question "What is the Almighty?" as the characteristic speech of the carnally prosperous soul: having received temporal goods in abundance, it mistakes the gift for evidence of self-sufficiency and forgets the Giver. Gregory connects this to the sin of pride (superbia), which he places at the root of all vice — it is precisely the person who seems to thrive who is most at risk of concluding that God is superfluous.
St. Thomas Aquinas, drawing on both Gregory and Aristotle, notes in the Summa Theologiae (I-II, q. 2, a. 8) that humans cannot find beatitude in wealth, precisely because wealth is an external good that lies, in Job's phrase, "outside the hand" of its possessor — contingent, transient, non-ultimate. Job 21:16 can be read as a scriptural anchor for this Thomistic teaching: the bonum of the wicked is not in manu eorum.
Pope Benedict XVI, in Spe Salvi (§22), warned against "self-redemption programs" — the modern confidence that human ingenuity and accumulated prosperity constitute sufficient grounds for a good life without reference to God. The wicked of Job 21 are his ancient counterparts.
Contemporary Catholics live in a culture that has largely adopted the precise theology of the wicked in verse 15 — not as an articulated creed but as a lived assumption. The question "What do I get out of going to Mass?" or "Why should I follow the Church's moral teaching when I'm doing fine without it?" is structurally identical to mah Shaddai ki na'avdennu. The pragmatic logic is the same: measure God's worth by His contribution to your present flourishing.
Job's corrective in verse 16 offers a concrete spiritual practice: look at every good in your life — your income, your health, your family, your talents — and ask, Is this in my hand? Can I guarantee it tomorrow? Did I ultimately produce it? The honest answer destabilizes the self-sufficient posture and opens a space for genuine worship, worship that is not transactional but responsive to what is already given. This is the logic of the Eucharist itself (eucharistia = thanksgiving), which presupposes that we have already received before we ever offer. The Catholic who prays Morning Prayer or the Liturgy of the Hours daily is performing, in miniature, the counter-act to the wicked's question: beginning the day not by asking what God will do for us, but by acknowledging that all we have today is not in our hand.
Commentary