Psalms 140:1–5

Psalms 140:1 – "Deliver me, Yahweh, from evil men." The Hebrew verb ḥālats (translated "deliver") carries the vivid sense of being pulled free from a snare or net — a rescue that requires external force, not merely personal effort. The psalmist does not strategize his escape; he cries out. This immediate, unmediated address to Yahweh by name places the whole psalm within the covenant relationship: it is because God is this God — the faithful redeemer of Israel — that appeal is possible at all. The phrase "evil men" (ʾîš rāʿ) in Hebrew is singular in its original idiom, pointing perhaps to a specific, known adversary, even as it opens outward to encompass all who align themselves with the principle of evil.

Psalms 140:2 – "Those who devise mischief in their hearts." The shift to description deepens the portrait of the enemy. The Hebrew ḥāšab ("devise" or "plan") suggests careful, deliberate interior calculation — these are not crimes of passion but premeditated schemes. The heart (lēb) in biblical anthropology is the seat of the will and intellect. Evil, the psalmist insists, is not merely external; it flows from a corrupted interior life. The enemies "stir up wars continually" (the verse in many manuscripts continues with this phrase), indicating that violence is not a last resort for them but a habitual disposition.

Psalms 140:3 – "They have sharpened their tongues like a serpent." The serpent image is electrifying. In biblical tradition the serpent (nāḥāš) is above all the deceiver of Genesis 3 — the one who twists truth into a lethal weapon. To have a tongue sharpened like a serpent's is to deploy language as an instrument of death. St. Paul quotes this very phrase directly in Romans 3:13, applying it to the universal condition of sinful humanity: "Their throat is an open tomb; they use their tongues to deceive; the venom of asps is under their lips." The viper's venom (ʿakhshûb) under their lips completes the image — not only is the tongue shaped for harm, but it carries a hidden, injected poison that works silently and fatally. Calumny, gossip, false witness, and blasphemy are the forms this ancient weapon takes in every generation.

Psalms 140:4 – "Yahweh, keep me from the hands of the wicked." The repetition of direct address — Yahweh again — is itself a spiritual act, a doubling down on trust after articulating the threat. The "hands" of the wicked are not merely metaphorical: they point to concrete, physical power — the capacity of the unjust to inflict tangible harm. The psalmist prays not for the destruction of his enemies but for his own preservation, a model of prayerful restraint. The word "wicked" (rāšāʿ) in Hebrew carries strong forensic overtones: these are people who have been weighed and found guilty before the divine tribunal, even if they have not yet faced human justice.

Psalms 140:5 – "The proud have hidden a snare for me." The final verse of this cluster introduces pride (gēʾîm) as the root sin underlying all the previous evils — the scheming, the serpentine tongue, the violent hands. Pride here is not mere arrogance but a theological category: the refusal to acknowledge God's sovereignty, the self-divinization that began in Eden. The "snare" (pāḥ) and "cords" and "net" (resheth) that follow form a cluster of hunting imagery — the psalmist is portrayed as prey, stalked by those who set their traps "by the wayside," in the ordinary paths of daily life. Evil does not always announce itself; it hides in familiar places.

The Typological and Spiritual Senses The Fathers, following the principle articulated by St. Augustine in his Enarrationes in Psalmos, read the entire Psalter as the voice of the Christus totus — the whole Christ, Head and members. Psalm 140 in this reading becomes the prayer of Jesus in his Passion, surrounded by those who plotted against him (cf. Mk 14:1), whose tongues devised false testimony (cf. Mk 14:56–57), and who laid snares in the form of trick questions (cf. Lk 20:20–26). The "proud" who set the net are those whose self-sufficiency leads them to put God himself on trial. The Church, and every baptized soul who suffers for righteousness, prays this psalm in Christ — not merely imitating his suffering but participating in it sacramentally and mystically.

Catholic tradition brings at least three distinctive lenses to these verses that enrich their meaning beyond a straightforward lament.

1. The Christological Reading and the Totus Christus St. Augustine's masterwork on the Psalms (Enarrationes in Psalmos, c. 400 AD) insists that whenever the psalmist cries out in distress, it is ultimately Christ who prays — and Christ who prays in us. Augustine writes of Psalm 140: "Who is it that cries out? Christ. In whom? In his members." This is not an allegory imposed from outside but flows from the principle enshrined in the Catechism of the Catholic Church (§2616) that "Jesus also prays with us … He who prays the Psalms in and with Christ can truly adopt them as his own prayer." Verse 3's serpent-tongue imagery, quoted by Paul in Romans 3:13, becomes in Catholic reading a precise description of the spiritual environment in which the Incarnate Word lived and died.

2. Sin, Pride, and the Demonic The Catechism (§2852) identifies the devil as "the one who throws himself across God's plan and his work of salvation accomplished in Christ." The proud adversaries of verse 5 who set hidden snares reflect this demonic logic — the opposition to God's designs that works through human agents. St. Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologiae II-II, q. 162) identifies pride as the beginning of all sin, the root from which calumny, violence, and conspiracy spring. The psalmist's structural progression — from heart (v. 2) to tongue (v. 3) to hand (v. 4) to cunning trap (v. 5) — traces the very anatomy of sin that Aquinas systematized.

3. The Dignity and Danger of Speech The vivid serpent-tongue image speaks directly to the Catholic moral tradition on speech. The Catechism (§2477–2487) treats calumny and detraction as grave sins against justice and charity. By anchoring the danger of malicious speech in this ancient psalm, the Catholic reader is reminded that the misuse of language is not a minor failing but a participation in the oldest rebellion against truth — the lie of the serpent in Eden (Gen 3:1–5).

Contemporary Catholics face forms of these ancient threats that are structurally identical even when superficially new. The "serpent tongue" of verse 3 finds its modern habitat in social media, where calumny spreads at algorithmic speed, reputations are destroyed by carefully crafted half-truths, and even faithful Christians can become both victims and perpetrators of venomous speech. The "hidden snare" of verse 5 resonates for those who experience workplace manipulation, ideological pressure to abandon moral convictions, or subtle persecution for holding traditional faith.

This psalm invites Catholics to three concrete practices. First, petition before strategy: the psalmist's instinct is to cry out to God before devising a counter-plan. In times of attack, prayer is not passive — it is the first and most powerful act of resistance. Second, self-examination: since Paul applies verse 3 to all sinners (Rom 3:13), the Catholic reader must ask honestly whether his or her own speech carries venom. Examination of conscience before Confession ought to include a reckoning with words. Third, confidence in divine justice: the psalmist does not curse his enemies but entrusts judgment to God, modeling the freedom that comes from knowing that "vengeance is mine, says the Lord" (Rom 12:19). Praying Psalm 140 in the Liturgy of the Hours — where it appears at Friday Evening Prayer — is itself an act of participation in the prayer of Christ.